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BS IEC 62232:2011

BS IEC 62232:2011

$215.11

Determination of RF field strength and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2011 184
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This International Standard provides methods for the determination of radio-frequency (RF) field strength and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations (RBS) for the purpose of evaluating human exposure.

This standard:

  1. considers RBS which transmit on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 300 MHz to 6 GHz;

  2. describes several RF field strength and SAR measurement and computation methodologies with guidance on their applicability to address both the in situ evaluation of installed RBS and laboratory-based evaluations;

  3. describes how surveyors with a sufficient level of expertise shall establish their specific evaluation procedures appropriate for their evaluation purpose;

  4. considers the evaluation purposes, namely:

    1. product conformity: to establish that a RBS conforms to a defined set of limit conditions under its intended use;

    2. compliance boundary: to establish the compliance boundary or boundaries for a RBS in relation to a defined set of limit conditions;

    3. to evaluate RF field strength or SAR values at one or more evaluation locations, namely:

      1. evaluation location(s) at arbitrary locations outside the control boundary to provide information for interested parties;

      2. evaluation location(s) at the control boundary to confirm validity of control boundary;

      3. evaluation location(s) within the control boundary with the specific conditions relevant to investigate an alleged over-exposure incident;

  5. provides guidance on how to report, interpret and compare results from different evaluation methodologies and, where the evaluation purpose requires it, determine a justified decision against a limit value;

  6. provides informative guidance on how to evaluate ambient RF field strength levels in the vicinity of a RBS from RF sources other than the RBS under evaluation and at frequencies within and outside the range 300 MHz to 6 GHz;

  7. provides short descriptions of the informative example case studies to aid the surveyor given in the companion Technical Report IEC 62669 [54].

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
4 CONTENTS
9 FOREWORD
11 INTRODUCTION
12 1 Scope
13 2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
19 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Physical quantities
4.2 Constants
4.3 Abbreviations
20 5 Developing the evaluation plan
5.1 Overview
21 5.2 Key tasks
22 Tables

Table 1 – Checklist for the evaluation plan
23 6 Evaluation methods
6.1 Overview
Figures

Figure 1 – Overview of evaluation methods
24 6.2 Measurement methods
Figure 2 – Overview of RF field strength measurement methods
32 Table 2 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of a RF field strength measurement that used a frequency-selective instrument
33 Table 3 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of a RF field strength measurement that used a broadband instrument
35 Figure 3 – Positioning of the EUT relative to the relevant phantom
38 6.3 Computation methods
39 Figure 4 – Overview of computation methods
40 Table 4 – Applicability of computation methodsfor source-environment regions of Figure B.1
41 Figure 5 – Reflection due to the presence of a ground plane
42 Figure 6 – Enclosed cylinder around collinear arrays,with and without electrical downtilt
43 Figure 7 – Directions for which SAR estimation expressions are given
44 Table 5 – Applicability of SAR estimation formulae
46 Figure 8 – Ray tracing (synthetic model) geometry and parameters
48 Table 6 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a ray tracing RF field strength computation
51 Table 7 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a full wave RF field strength computation
53 Table 8 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a full wave SAR computation
54 6.4 Extrapolation from the evaluated SAR / RF field strength to the required assessment condition
56 6.5 Summation of multiple RF fields
57 7 Uncertainty
7.1 Background
7.2 Requirement to estimate uncertainty
58 7.3 How to estimate uncertainty
7.4 Uncertainty bounds on measurement equipment influence quantities
7.5 Applying uncertainty for compliance assessments
59 8 Reporting
8.1 Background
8.2 Evaluation report
61 8.3 Interpretation of results
62 Annex A (normative)
Developing the evaluation plan
64 Table A.1 – Measurand validity for evaluation points in each source region
66 Table A.3 – Selecting in situ or laboratory measurementfrom evaluation purpose and RBS category
68 Table A.5 – Guidance on selecting RF field strength measurement procedures
70 Table A.7 – Guidance on specific evaluation method ranking
71 Annex B (normative)
Defining the source-environment plane
Figure B.1 – Source-environment plane concept
72 Figure B.2 – Geometry of an antenna with largest linear dimension Leff and largest end dimension Lend
73 Table B.1 – Definition of source regions
Table B.2 – Default source region boundaries
74 Table B.3 – Source region boundaries for antennas with maximum dimension less than 2,5 λ
Table B.4 – Source region boundaries for linear/planar antenna arrayswith a maximum dimension greater than or equal to 2,5 λ
75 Table B.5 – Source region boundaries for equiphase radiation aperture (e.g. dish) antennas with maximum reflector dimension much greater than a wavelength
Table B.6 – Source region boundaries for leaky feeders
77 Figure B.3 – Maximum path difference for an antenna with largest linear dimension L
Table B.7 – Far-field distance r measured in metres as a function of angle β
79 Figure B.4 – Example source-environment plane regions near a roof-top antenna
which has a narrow vertical (elevation plane) beamwidth (not to scale)
80 Annex C (informative) Guidance on the application of the standard
to specific evaluation purposes
81 Figure C.1 – Example of complex compliance boundary
Figure C.2 – Example of circular cylindrical compliance boundaries: (a) sector coverage antenna, (b) horizontally omnidirectional antenna
82 Figure C.3 – Example of parallelepipedic compliance boundary
Figure C.4 – Example illustrating the linear scaling procedure
85 Figure C.5 – Example investigation process
86 Annex D (normative)
Evaluation parameters
Figure D.1 – Cylindrical, cartesian and spherical coordinatesrelative to the RBS antenna
87 Table D.1 – Dimension variables
Table D.2 – RF power variables
88 Table D.3 – Antenna variables
89 Table D.4 – Measurand variables
90 Annex E (normative)
RF field strength measurement equipment requirements
Table E.1 – Broadband measurement system requirements
Table E.2 – Frequency-selective measurement system requirements
91 Annex F (informative)
Basic computation implementation
Figure F.1 – Reference frame employed for cylindrical formulae for field strength computation at a point P (left), and on a line perpendicular to boresight (right)
92 Figure F.2 – Two (a) and three (b) dimensional views illustrating the three valid zones for field strength computation around an antenna
93 Table F.1 – Definition of boundaries for selecting the zone of computation
95 Table F.2 – Definition of
97 Figure F.3 – Leaky feeder geometry
99 Annex G (normative)
Advanced computation implementation
103 Annex H (normative)
Validation of computation methods
Figure H.1 – Cylindrical formulae reference results
Table H.1 – Input parameters for cylinder and spherical formulae validation
104 Figure H.2 – Spherical formulae reference results
Table H.2 – Input parameters for SAR estimation formulae validation
Table H.3 – SAR10g and SARwb estimation formulae reference results for Table H.2 parameters
106 Figure H.4 – Antenna parameters for ray tracing algorithm validation example
107 Table H.4 – Ray tracing power density reference results
108 Figure H.5 – Generic 900 MHz RBS antenna with nine dipole radiators
Figure H.6 – Line 1, 2 and 3 near-field positions for full wave and ray tracing validation
109 Table H.5 – Validation 1 full wave field reference results
110 Figure H.7 – Generic 1 800 MHz RBS antenna with five slot radiators
Table H.6 – Validation 2 full wave field reference results
111 Figure H.8 – RBS antenna placed in front of a multi-layered lossy cylinder
Table H.7 – Validation reference SAR results for computation method
112 Annex I (informative)
Guidance on spatial averaging schemes
113 Figure I.1 – Spatial averaging schemes relative to foot support level
Figure I.2 – Spatial averaging relative to spatial-peak field strength point height
114 Annex J (informative)
Guidance on addressing time variation of signals in measurement
115 Annex K (informative)
Guidance on determining ambient field levels
117 Figure K.1 – Evaluation locations
119 Annex L (informative)
Guidance on comparing evaluated parameters with a limit value
121 Annex M (informative)
Guidance on assessment schemes
122 Table M.1 – Examples of general assessment schemes
124 Figure M.2 – Evaluation of compliance with limit
Table M.2 – Determining target uncertainty
127 Table M.3 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 trials both surveyorand auditor using best estimate
Table M.4 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 trials both surveyorand auditor using target uncertainty of 4 dB
128 Table M.5 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 trials surveyor uses upper 95 % CI vs. auditor uses lower 95 % CI
129 Annex N (informative)
Guidance on specific technologies
130 Table N.1 – Technology specific information
135 Figure N.1 – Spectral occupancy for GMSK
136 Figure N.2 – Spectral occupancy for CDMA
137 Table N.2 – Example of spectrum analyser settings for an integration per service
138 Table N.3 – Example constant power components for specific technologies
139 Figure N.3 – Channel allocation for a WCDMA signal
Table N.4 – CDMA decoder requirements
140 Table N.5 – Signals configuration
Table N.6 – CDMA generator setting for power linearity
141 Table N.7 – WCDMA generator setting for decoder calibration
Table N.8 – CDMA generator setting for reflection coefficient measurement
142 Figure N.4 – Example of Wi-Fi frames
Figure N.5 – Channel occupation versus the integration time for 802.11b standard
143 Figure N.6 – Channel occupation versus nominal throughput ratefor 802.11b/g standards
Figure N.7 – Wi-Fi spectrum trace snapshot
145 Figure N.8 – Plan view representation of statistical conservative model
151 Figure N.9 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 24, PR = 0,125
152 Figure N.10 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 18, PR = 2/7
153 Annex O (informative)
Guidance on uncertainty
158 Figure O.2 – Plot of the calibration factors for E (not E2)provided from an example calibration report for an electric field probe
161 Table O.1 – Guidance on minimum separation distances for some dipole lengths to ensure that the uncertainty does not exceed 5 % or 10 % in a measurement of E.
162 Table O.2 – Guidance on minimum separation distances for some loop diameters to ensure that the uncertainty does notexceed 5 % or 10 % in a measurement of H.
Table O.3 – Example minimum separation conditionsfor selected dipole lengths for 10 % uncertainty in E
163 Figure O.3 – Computational model used for the variational analysis of reflected RF fields from the front of a surveyor
164 Table O.4 – Standard estimates of dB variation for the perturbations in front of a surveyor due to body reflected fields as described in Figure O.3
Table O.5 – Standard uncertainty (u) estimates for E and H due to body reflections from the surveyor for common radio services derived from estimates provided in Table O.4
167 Annex P (informative)
Case studies
168 Figure P.1 – Micro cell case study
169 Figure P.2 – Roof-top case study (a) with nearby apartment buildings (b)
170 Figure P.3 – Roof-top/tower case study (a) in residential area (b)
171 Figure P.4 – Roof-top case study with direct access to antennas
172 Figure P.5 – Roof-top case study with large antennas and no direct access
173 Figure P.6 – Cylindrical compliance boundary determinationfor dual band antenna on building
174 Figure P.7 – Tower case study (a) in parkland (b)
175 Figure P.8 – Multiple towers case study (a) at sports venue (b)
176 Figure P.9 – Office building in building coverage case study
177 Bibliography

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