ASME has been defining piping safety since 1922. ASME B31.1 prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, inspection, operation, and maintenance of piping systems typically found in electric power generating stations, industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and district heating and cooling systems. It also covers boiler-external piping for power boilers and high-temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 psig; and high temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 psig and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F. Key changes to this revision include: Two additional Code Jurisdictional Limit figures have been added A revision to the Qualifications of the Owners Inspector has been made Requirements regarding Covered Piping System records have been moved from Nonmandatory Appendix V to Chapter VII ASME B31.1 is one of ASME’s most requested codes, widely adopted by jurisdictions worldwide. It is prominently referenced in ASME’s Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I. This Code serves as a companion to ASME’s B31.3 Code on Process Piping as well as to the other codes in ASME’s B31 series. Together, they remain essential references for anyone engaged with piping. Intended for manufacturers, designers, operators and owners of piping systems including, but not limited to, steam, water, oil, gas, and air services, plus all potential governing entities.

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4	CONTENTS
8	FOREWORD
9	ASME B31 COMMITTEE RSOTER
13	INTRODUCTION
15	SUMMARY OF CHANGES
22	Chapter I Scope and Definitions 100 GENERAL 100.1 Scope 100.1.1 100.1.2
23	Figures Fig. 100.1.2(A.1) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — An Example of Forced Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Water Line
24	Fig. 100.1.2(A.2) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — An Example of Steam Separator Type Forced Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Water Line
25	Fig. 100.1.2(B.1) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Drum-Type Boilers
26	Fig. 100.1.2(B.2) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Isolable Economizers Located in Feedwater Piping and Isolable Superheaters in Main Steam Piping (Boiler Pressure Relief Valves, Blowoff, and Miscellaneous Piping for Boiler Proper Not Shown for Clarity)
27	100.1.3 100.1.4 100.2 Definitions Fig. 100.1.2(B.3) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Nonintegral Separately Fired Superheaters
28	Fig. 100.1.2(C) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Spray-Type Desuperheater
35	Chapter II Design PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA 101 DESIGN CONDITIONS 101.1 General 101.2 Pressure 101.2.2 Internal Design Pressure. 101.2.4 External Design Pressure. 101.2.5 Pressure Cycling. 101.3 Temperature 101.3.1 101.3.2 Design Temperature 101.4 Ambient Influences 101.4.1 Cooling Effects on Pressure. 101.4.2 Fluid Expansion Effects. 101.5 Dynamic Effects 101.5.1 Impact. 101.5.2 Wind.
36	101.5.3 Earthquake. 101.5.4 Vibration. 101.6 Weight Effects 101.6.1 Live Load. 101.6.2 Dead Load. 101.6.3 Test or Cleaning Fluid Load. 101.7 Thermal Expansion and Contraction Loads 101.7.1 General. 101.7.2 Expansion, Swivel, or Ball Joints, and Flexible Metal Hose Assemblies. 102 DESIGN CRITERIA 102.1 General 102.2 Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Piping Components 102.2.1 Components Having Specific Ratings. 102.2.2 Components Not Having Specific Ratings.
37	102.2.3 Ratings: Normal Operating Condition. 102.2.4 Ratings: Allowance for Variation From Normal Operation. 102.2.5 Ratings at Transitions. 102.3 Allowable Stress Values and Other Stress Limits for Piping Components 102.3.1 Allowable Stress Values 102.3.2 Limits for Sustained and Displacement Stresses
38	102.3.3 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Occasional Loads 102.4 Allowances 102.4.1 Corrosion or Erosion. 102.4.2 Threading and Grooving. 102.4.3 Weld Joint Efficiency Factors.
39	Tables Table 102.4.3 Longitudinal Weld Joint Efficiency Factors
40	102.4.4 Mechanical Strength. 102.4.5 Bending. 102.4.6 Casting Quality Factors Fig. 102.4.5 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends Table 102.4.5 Bend Thinning Allowance
41	Table 102.4.6(B.1.1) Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness 41⁄2 in. (114 mm) or Less
42	102.4.7 Weld Strength Reduction Factors. PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS 103 CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS 104 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS 104.1 Straight Pipe 104.1.1 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure. 104.1.2 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure — Seamless, Longitudinal Welded, or Spiral Welded and Operating Below the Creep Range Table 102.4.6(B.2.2) Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness Greater Than 41⁄2 in. (114 mm)
43	Table 102.4.7 Weld Strength Reduction Factors to Be Applied When Calculating the Minimum Wall Thickness or Allowable Design Pressure of Components Fabricated With a Longitudinal Seam Fusion Weld
45	104.1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pressure. 104.1.4 Longitudinal-Welded or Spiral-Welded Pipe Operating in the Creep Range. 104.2 Curved Segments of Pipe 104.2.1 Pipe Bends. Table 104.1.2(A) Values of y
46	104.2.2 Elbows. 104.3 Intersections 104.3.1 Branch Connections
48	Fig. 104.3.1(D) Reinforcement of Branch Connections
51	Fig. 104.3.1(G) Reinforced Extruded Outlets
52	104.3.3 Miters.
53	104.3.4 Attachments. 104.4 Closures 104.4.1 General. 104.4.2 Openings in Closures. 104.5 Pressure Design of Flanges and Blanks 104.5.1 Flanges — General
54	104.5.2 Blind Flanges 104.5.3 Blanks 104.6 Reducers 104.7 Other Pressure-Containing Components 104.7.1 Listed Components.
55	104.7.2 Specially Designed Components. 104.8 Analysis of Piping Components 104.8.1 Stress Due to Sustained Loads. Fig. 104.5.3 Types of Permanent Blanks
56	104.8.2 Stress Due to Occasional Loads. 104.8.3 Stress Due to Displacement Load Ranges. 104.8.4 Moments and Section Modulus Fig. 104.8.4 Cross Section ResultantMoment Loading
57	PART 3 SELECTION AND LIMITATIONS OF PIPING COMPONENTS 105 PIPE 105.1 General 105.2 Metallic Pipe 105.2.1 Ferrous Pipe 105.2.2 Nonferrous Pipe 105.3 Nonmetallic Pipe 106 FITTINGS, BENDS, AND INTERSECTIONS 106.1 Fittings
58	106.2 Bends and Intersections 106.3 Pipe Couplings and Unions 106.4 Flexible Metal Hose Assembly 107 VALVES 107.1 General
59	107.2 Marking 107.3 Ends 107.4 Stem Threads 107.5 Bonnet Joints 107.6 Bypasses 107.8 Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices 107.8.1 General. 107.8.2 Pressure-Relieving Valves on Boiler External Piping. 107.8.3 Pressure Relief Requirements on Nonboiler External Piping 107.8.4 Nonmandatory Appendix. 108 PIPE FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, GASKETS, AND BOLTING 108.1 Flanges 108.2 Blanks 108.3 Flange Facings 108.4 Gaskets
60	108.5 U.S. Customary Bolting 108.5.1 General 108.5.2 108.5.3 108.6 Metric Bolting 108.6.1 General. 108.6.2 Responsibilities When Specifying or Allowing Metric Bolting PART 4 SELECTION AND LIMITATIONS OF PIPING JOINTS 110 PIPING JOINTS 111 WELDED JOINTS 111.1 General 111.2 Butt Welds 111.2.1 Design of Butt Welds. 111.2.2 Backing Rings for Butt Welds.
61	111.3 Socket Welds 111.3.1 111.3.2 111.3.3 111.3.4 111.4 Fillet Welds 111.5 Seal Welds 112 FLANGED JOINTS 113 EXPANDED OR ROLLED JOINTS 114 THREADED JOINTS 114.1 114.2 114.2.1 114.2.2 114.2.3 114.3
62	Table 112 Piping Flange Bolting, Facing, and Gasket Requirements (Refer to Paras. 108, 110, and 112)
66	115 FLARED, FLARELESS, AND COMPRESSION JOINTS, AND UNIONS 115.1 Compatibility 115.2 Pressure-Temperature Ratings 115.3 Threads 115.4 Fitting and Gripping 116 BELL END JOINTS 116.1 Elastomeric-Gasket Joints 116.2 Caulked Joints 117 BRAZED AND SOLDERED JOINTS 117.1 Brazed Joints 117.2 Soldered Joints Table 114.2.1 Threaded Joints Limitations
67	117.3 Limitations 118 SLEEVE COUPLED AND OTHER PROPRIETARY JOINTS PART 5 EXPANSION, FLEXIBILITY, AND PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENT 119 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY 119.1 General 119.2 Displacement Stress Range 119.3 Local Overstrain 119.5 Flexibility 119.5.1 Expansion, Swivel, or Ball Joints, and Flexible Metal Hose Assemblies.
68	119.6 Piping Properties 119.6.1 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion. 119.6.2 Moduli of Elasticity. 119.6.3 PoissonŒs Ratio. 119.6.4 Stresses. 119.7 Flexibility Analysis 119.7.1 Method of Analysis.
69	119.7.3 Basic Assumptions and Requirements. 119.8 Movements 119.9 Cold Spring 119.10 Reactions 119.10.1 Computing Hot and Cold Reactions. 119.10.2 Reaction Limits.
70	120 LOADS ON PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS 120.1 General 120.2 Supports, Anchors, and Guides 120.2.1 Rigid-Type Supports 120.2.2 Variable and Constant Supports. 120.2.3 Anchors or Guides. 120.2.4 Supplementary Steel. 121 DESIGN OF PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS 121.1 General 121.2 Allowable Stress Values
71	121.3 Temperature Limitations 121.4 Hanger Adjustments 121.5 Hanger Spacing 121.6 Springs Table 121.5 Suggested Steel Pipe Support Spacing
72	121.7 Fixtures 121.7.1 Anchors and Guides 121.7.2 Other Rigid Types 121.7.3 Variable Supports 121.7.4 Constant Supports.
73	121.7.5 Sway Braces. 121.7.6 Shock Suppressors. 121.8 Structural Attachments 121.8.1 Nonintegral Type 121.8.2 Integral Type Table 121.7.2(A) Carrying Capacity of Threaded ASTM A36, A575, and A576 Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel
74	121.9 Loads and Supporting Structures 121.10 Requirements for Fabricating Pipe Supports PART 6 SYSTEMS 122 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS 122.1 Boiler External Piping; in Accordance With Para. 100.1.2A — Steam, Feedwater, Blowoff, and Drain Piping 122.1.1 General. 122.1.2 Steam Piping
75	122.1.3 Feedwater Piping 122.1.4 Blowoff and Blowdown Piping.
76	122.1.5 Boiler Drains 122.1.6 Boiler External Piping — Miscellaneous Systems 122.1.7 Valves and Fittings.
78	Fig. 122.1.7(C) Typical Globe Valves
79	122.2 Blowoff and Blowdown Piping in Nonboiler External Piping 122.3 Instrument, Control, and Sampling Piping Table 122.2 Design Pressure for Blowoff/Blowdown Piping Downstream of BEP Valves
80	122.3.1 Materials and Design. 122.3.2 Instrument Piping
81	122.3.3 Control Piping 122.3.4 Sampling Piping 122.3.6 Fittings and Joints 122.3.7 Special Safety Provisions 122.3.8 Supports. 122.3.9 Installations
82	122.4 Spray-Type Desuperheater Piping for Use on Steam Generators, Main Steam, and Reheat Steam Piping 122.5 Pressure-Reducing Valves 122.5.1 General. 122.5.2 Bypass Valves. 122.5.3 Design of Valves and Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices. 122.6 Pressure Relief Piping
83	122.6.1 Piping to Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices 122.6.2 Discharge Piping From Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices Fig. 122.4 Desuperheater Schematic Arrangement
84	122.7 Piping for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 122.7.1 General. 122.7.2 Materials 122.7.3 Piping Joints 122.7.4 Valves and Specialties. 122.8 Piping for Flammable Gases, Toxic Fluids Gases or Liquids, or Nonflammable Nontoxic Gases
85	122.8.1 Flammable Gas
86	122.8.2 Toxic Fluids Gas or Liquid Table 122.8.2(B) Minimum Wall Thickness Requirements for Toxic Fluid Piping
87	122.8.3 Nonflammable Nontoxic Gas 122.9 Piping for Corrosive Liquids and Gases 122.10 Temporary Piping Systems 122.11 Steam Trap Piping 122.11.1 Drip Lines. 122.11.2 Discharge Piping.
88	122.12 Exhaust and Pump Suction Piping 122.13 Pump Discharge Piping 122.14 District Heating and Steam Distribution Systems 122.14.1 General. 122.14.2 Alternative Systems.
89	Chapter III Materials 123 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 123.1 Materials and Specifications 123.1.1 Listed Materials. 123.1.2 Unlisted Materials. 123.1.3 Unknown Materials. 123.1.5 Size or Thickness. 123.1.6 Marking of Materials or Products.
90	123.1.7 Materials Manufactured to Other Specification Editions. 123.2 Piping Components 123.2.1 General. 123.2.2 Boiler External Piping 123.3 Pipe-Supporting Elements 123.4 Longitudinal-Welded or Spiral-Welded Pipe With Filler Metal Added 124 LIMITATIONS ON MATERIALS 124.1 Temperature Limitations 124.1.1 Upper Temperature Limits. 124.1.2 Lower Temperature Limits 124.2 Steel
91	124.4 Cast Gray Iron 124.5 Malleable Iron 124.6 Ductile Nodular Iron 124.7 Nonferrous Metals 124.8 Cladding and Lining Materials
92	124.9 Nonmetallic Pipe 124.10 Deterioration of Materials in Service 124.11 Gaskets 124.12 Bolting 125 CREEP STRENGTH ENHANCED FERRITIC MATERIALS 125.1 Requirements for ASTM A217 Grade C12A Castings 125.1.1 Required Examinations. 125.1.2 Heat Treatment Requirements 125.1.3 Weld Repair Requirements
93	125.1.4 Overheating Requirements. 125.1.5 Certification Requirements.
94	Chapter IV Dimensional Requirements 126 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR STANDARD AND NONSTANDARD PIPING COMPONENTS 126.1 Standard Piping Components 126.2 Nonstandard Piping Components 126.3 Referenced Documents
95	Table 126.1 Specifications and Standards
102	Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection 127 WELDING 127.1 General 127.1.1 127.2 Material 127.2.1 Electrodes and Filler Metal. 127.2.2 Backing Rings. 127.2.3 Consumable Inserts. 127.3 Preparation for Welding
103	127.4 Procedure 127.4.1 General 127.4.2 Girth Butt Welds Fig. 127.3 Butt Welding of Piping Components With Internal Misalignment
104	Fig. 127.4.2 Welding End Transition — Maximum Envelope
105	127.4.3 Longitudinal Butt Welds. 127.4.4 Fillet Welds. 127.4.5 Seal Welds. 127.4.8 Welded Branch Connections
106	Table 127.4.2 Reinforcement of Girth and Longitudinal Butt Welds
107	Fig. 127.4.4(A) Fillet Weld Size
108	Fig. 127.4.4(B) Welding Details for Slip-On and Socket-Welding Flanges; Some Acceptable Types of Flange Attachment Welds Fig. 127.4.4(C) Minimum Welding Dimensions Required for Socket Welding Components Other Than Flanges Fig. 127.4.8(A) Typical Welded Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement Fig. 127.4.8(B) Typical Welded Branch Connection With Additional Reinforcement Fig. 127.4.8(C) Typical Welded Angular Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement
109	Fig. 127.4.8(D) Some Acceptable Types of Welded Branch Attachment Details Showing Minimum Acceptable Welds
110	Fig. 127.4.8(E) Some Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings
111	Fig. 127.4.8(F) Typical Full Penetration Weld Branch Connections for NPS 3 (DN 80) and Smaller Half Couplings or Adapters
112	127.4.9 Attachment Welds. 127.4.10 Heat Treatment. 127.4.11 Repair Welding Fig. 127.4.8(G) Typical Partial Penetration Weld Branch Connection for NPS 2 (DN 50) and Smaller Fittings
113	127.5 Qualification 127.5.1 General. 127.5.2 Welding Responsibility. 127.5.3 Qualification Responsibility 127.5.4 Standard Welding Procedure Specifications. 127.6 Welding Records 128 BRAZING AND SOLDERING 128.1 General 128.1.1
114	128.1.2 Soldering. 128.2 Materials 128.2.1 Filler Metal. 128.2.2 Flux. 128.3 Preparation 128.3.1 Surface Preparation. 128.3.2 Joint Clearance. 128.4 Procedure 128.4.1 General 128.4.2 Heating. 128.4.3 Flux Removal. 128.5 Brazing Qualification 128.5.1 General. 128.5.2 Brazing Responsibility. 128.5.3 Qualification Responsibility 128.6 Brazing Records
115	129 BENDING AND FORMING 129.1 Bending 129.2 Forming 129.3 Heat Treatment of Bends and Formed Components 129.3.1 129.3.2 129.3.3 129.3.3.1 129.3.3.2 129.3.4 129.3.4.1 Table 129.3.1 Approximate Lower Critical Temperatures
116	129.3.4.2 129.3.4.3 129.3.4.4 129.3.4.5 129.3.4.6 129.3.5 129.3.6 Table 129.3.3.1 Post Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements
117	Table 129.3.4.1 Post Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements
118	130 REQUIREMENTS FOR FABRICATING AND ATTACHING PIPE SUPPORTS 130.1 Pipe Supports 130.2 Alternate Pipe Supports 130.3 Pipe Support Welds 131 WELDING PREHEAT 131.1 Minimum Preheat Requirements 131.2 Different P-Number Materials 131.3 Preheat Temperature Verification 131.4 Preheat Temperature 131.4.1 131.4.2 131.6 Interruption of Welding 131.6.1 131.6.2 132 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT 132.1 Minimum PWHT Requirements 132.1.1
119	132.1.2 132.1.3 132.2 Mandatory PWHT Requirements Table 131.4.1 Preheat Temperatures
120	Table 132 Postweld Heat Treatment
121	132.3 Exemptions to Mandatory PWHT Requirements 132.3.1 132.3.2 132.3.3 132.4 Definition of Thicknesses Governing PWHT 132.4.1 132.4.2 Table 132.1 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, P-Nos. 1 and 3 Table 132.1.3 Postweld Heat Treatment of P36/F36
122	Table 132.2 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment
124	132.4.3
125	132.5 PWHT Heating and Cooling Requirements 132.6 Furnace Heating 132.7 Local Heating 133 STAMPING 135 ASSEMBLY 135.1 General 135.2 Alignment 135.2.1 Equipment Connections. 135.2.2 Cold Springs. 135.3 Bolted Flanged Connections 135.3.1 Fit Up. 135.3.2 Gasket Compression. 135.3.3 Cast Iron to Steel Joints. 135.3.4 Bolt Engagement. 135.3.5 Nonmetallic Lined Joints.
126	135.4 Packed Joints and Caulked Joints 135.5 Threaded Piping 135.5.1 Thread Compound. 135.5.2 Joints for Seal Welding. 135.5.3 Joints Using Straight Threads. 135.5.4 Backing Off. 135.6 Tubing Joints 135.6.1 Flared. 135.6.2 Flareless and Compression. 135.7 Ductile Iron Bell End Piping Fig. 135.5.3 Typical Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads
127	Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing 136 INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION 136.1 Inspection 136.1.1 General. 136.1.2 Verification of Compliance. 136.1.3 Rights of Inspectors. 136.1.4 Qualifications of the OwnerŒs Inspector 136.2 Inspection and Qualification of Authorized Inspector for Boiler External Piping 136.2.1 136.2.1.1 136.2.2
128	136.3 Examination 136.3.1 General. 136.3.2 Qualification of NDE Personnel. 136.4 Examination Methods of Welds 136.4.1 Nondestructive Examination. 136.4.2 Visual Examination. 136.4.3 Magnetic Particle Examination.
129	Table 136.4 Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for Pressure Welds or Welds to Pressure-Retaining Components
130	136.4.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination. Table 136.4.1 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination
131	136.4.5 Radiography. 136.4.6 Ultrasonic Examination. 137 PRESSURE TESTS 137.1 General Requirements 137.1.1 Subassemblies. 137.1.2 Temperature of Test Medium. 137.1.3 Personnel Protection. 137.1.4 Maximum Stress During Test.
132	137.1.5 Testing Schedule. 137.2 Preparation for Testing 137.2.1 Exposure of Joints. 137.2.2 Addition of Temporary Supports. 137.2.3 Restraint or Isolation of Expansion Joints. 137.2.4 Isolation of Equipment and Piping Not Subjected to Pressure Test. 137.2.5 Treatment of Flanged Joints Containing Blanks. 137.2.6 Precautions Against Test Medium Expansion. 137.3 Requirements for Specific Piping Systems 137.3.1 Boiler External Piping. 137.3.2 Nonboiler External Piping. 137.4 Hydrostatic Testing 137.4.1 Material. 137.4.2 Provision of Air Vents at High Points. 137.4.3 Test Medium. 137.4.4 Check of Test Equipment Before Applying Pressure. 137.4.5 Required Hydrostatic Test Pressure.
133	137.5 Pneumatic Testing 137.5.1 General. 137.5.2 Test Medium. 137.5.3 Check of Test Equipment Before Applying Pressure. 137.5.4 Preliminary Test. 137.5.5 Required Pneumatic Test Pressure. 137.6 Mass-Spectrometer and Halide Testing 137.6.1 137.6.2 137.7 Initial Service Testing 137.7.1 137.7.2 137.8 Retesting After Repair or Additions 137.8.1 137.8.2 137.8.3
134	137.8.4
135	Chapter VII Operation and Maintenance 138 GENERAL 139 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES 140 CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF CPS
136	141 CPS RECORDS 141.1 General 141.2 Materials 141.3 Installation, Modification, and Repair Records 141.4 Failure Analysis 141.5 Restoration After Failure
137	142 PIPING AND PIPE-SUPPORT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS 142.1 Maintenance Program 142.2 Personnel 142.2.1 142.2.2 142.2.3 Welding and Heat Treatment Personnel 142.2.4 Examination, Inspection, and Testing Personnel. 144 CPS WALKDOWNS 145 MATERIAL DEGRADATION MECHANISMS 146 DYNAMIC LOADING
138	MANDATORY APPENDICES MANDATORY APPENDIX A ALLOWABLE STRESS TABLES
139	Table A-1 Carbon Steel
151	Table A-2 Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel
161	Table A-3 Stainless Steels
191	Table A-4 Nickel and High Nickel Alloys
203	Table A-5 Cast Iron
205	Table A-6 Copper and Copper Alloys
209	Table A-7 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
218	Table A-8 Temperatures 1,200°F and Above
223	Table A-9 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
227	Table A-10 Bolts, Nuts, and Studs
232	MANDATORY APPENDIX B THERMAL EXPANSION DATA
233	Table B-1 Thermal Expansion Data
237	Table B-1 (SI) Thermal Expansion Data
241	Table C-1 Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material MANDATORY APPENDIX C MODULI OF ELASTICITY
242	Table C-1 (SI) Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material
243	Table C-2 Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material
245	Table C-2 (SI) Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material
247	Table D-1 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors MANDATORY APPENDIX D FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS
251	Fig. D-1 Branch Connection Dimensions
252	Chart D-1 Flexibility Factor, k, and Stress Intensification Factor, i
253	Chart D-2 Correction Factor, c
254	MANDATORY APPENDIX F REFERENCED STANDARDS
258	MANDATORY APPENDIX G NOMENCLATURE
265	MANDATORY APPENDIX H PREPARATION OF TECHNICAL INQUIRIES H-1 INTRODUCTION H-2 REQUIREMENTS H-3 SUBMITTAL
266	MANDATORY APPENDIX J QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR BOILER EXTERNAL PIPING BEP FOREWORD J-1 QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM J-1.1 General J-1.1.1 Quality Control System. J-1.2 Outline of Features to Be Included in the Written Description of the Quality Control System J-1.2.1 Authority and Responsibility. J-1.2.2 Organization. J-1.2.3 Drawings, Design Calculations, and Specification Control. J-1.2.4 Material Control.
267	J-1.2.5 Examination and Inspection Program. J-1.2.6 Correction of Nonconformities. J-1.2.7 Welding. J-1.2.8 Nondestructive Examination. J-1.2.9 Heat Treatment. J-1.2.10 Calibration of Measurement and Test Equipment. J-1.2.11 Records Retention. J-1.2.12 Sample Forms. J-1.2.13 Inspection of Boilers and Boiler Parts J-1.2.13.1 J-1.2.13.2 J-1.2.13.2.1 J-1.2.13.2.2 J-1.2.14 Inspection of Pressure-Relieving Valves J-1.2.14.1 J-1.2.14.2 J-1.2.14.2.1 J-1.2.14.2.2
268	MANDATORY APPENDIX N RULES FOR NONMETALLIC PIPING AND PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS FOREWORD
269	Chapter N-I Scope and Definitions N-100 GENERAL N-100.1 Scope N-100.1.1 N-100.1.2 N-100.1.3 N-100.2 Definitions and Abbreviations N-100.2.1
270	N-100.2.2 Abbreviations.
271	Chapter N-II Design PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA N-101 DESIGN CONDITIONS N-101.1 General N-101.1.1 N-101.1.2 N-101.2 Pressure N-101.2.1 Basis for Design Pressure. N-101.3 Temperature N-101.3.1 Basis for Design Temperature. N-101.3.2 Temperature Gradient Through Wall. N-102 DESIGN CRITERIA N-102.1 General N-102.2 Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Components N-102.2.1 Components Having Specific Ratings N-102.2.2 Components Not Having Specific Ratings
272	Table N-102.2.1(A)-1 Hydrostatic Design Stresses (HDS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for Thermoplastic Piping Components
273	Table N-102.2.1(A)-2 Design Stresses (DS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for Laminated Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping Components
274	Table N-102.2.1(A)-3 Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) for Machine-Made Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe
275	N-102.2.3 Ratings: Normal Operating Condition. N-102.2.4 Allowances for Pressure and Temperature Variations N-102.2.5 Ratings at Transitions. N-102.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Limits N-102.3.1 Allowable Stress Values N-102.3.2 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Sustained Loads
276	N-102.3.3 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Occasional Loads N-102.4 Allowances PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS N-103 CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE DESIGN N-104 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS N-104.1 Straight Pipe N-104.1.1 N-104.1.2 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure
277	N-104.1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pressure N-104.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe N-104.3 Intersections N-104.3.1 Branch Connections N-104.4 Closures N-104.5 Pressure Design of Flanges
278	N-104.6 Reducers N-104.7 Design of Other Components N-104.7.1 Listed Components. N-104.7.2 Unlisted Components and Products. PART 3 SELECTION OF PIPING COMPONENTS N-105 PIPE N-106 FITTINGS N-106.1 Listed Fittings N-106.2 Unlisted Fittings N-107 VALVES N-107.1 Listed Valves N-107.2 Unlisted Valves PART 4 SELECTION AND LIMITATIONS OF PIPING JOINTS N-110 GENERAL N-111 BONDED JOINTS N-111.1 General Limitations
279	N-111.2 Specific Limitations N-111.2.1 Hot Gas Welded Joints. N-111.2.2 Butt-and-Wrapped Joints. N-112 FLANGED JOINTS N-113 EXPANDED OR ROLLED JOINTS N-114 THREADED JOINTS N-114.1 General Limitations N-114.1.1 N-114.1.2 N-114.1.3 N-114.1.4 N-114.1.5 N-114.2 Specific Limitations N-114.2.1 Thermoplastic Piping. N-114.2.2 Thermosetting Resin Piping. N-115 FLARED LINING JOINTS FOR METALLIC PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS N-116 BELL END JOINTS
280	N-118 PROPRIETARY JOINTS PART 5 EXPANSION, FLEXIBILITY, AND PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS N-119 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY N-119.1 General Concepts N-119.1.1 Elastic Behavior. N-119.1.2 Overstrained Behavior. N-119.1.3 Progressive Failure. N-119.1.4 Brittle Failure. N-119.5 Flexibility N-119.5.1 N-119.5.2 N-119.5.3 N-119.6 Properties for Flexibility Analysis N-119.6.1 Thermal Expansion Data. N-119.6.2 Modulus of Elasticity. N-119.6.3 PoissonŒs Ratio. N-119.6.4 Dimensions. N-119.6.5 Metallic Pipe Lined With Nonmetals.
281	Table N-119.6.1 Thermal Expansion Coefficients, Nonmetals
282	Table N-119.6.2 Modulus of Elasticity, Nonmetals N-119.7 Analysis N-119.7.1 N-119.7.2 N-119.7.3 N-120 LOADS ON PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS N-121 DESIGN OF PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS N-121.1 General N-121.1.1 N-121.1.2 N-121.1.3 N-121.1.4 N-121.11 Thermoplastic and RTR Piping N-121.12 Burial of Thermoplastic and RTR Pipe N-121.12.1 Design.
283	N-121.12.2 Installation. PART 6 SYSTEMS N-122 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS N-122.7 Piping for Flammable or Combustible Liquids N-122.7.1 N-122.8 Piping for Flammable Gases, Toxic Gases or Liquids, or Nonflammable Nontoxic Gases N-122.8.1 N-122.9 Piping for Corrosive Liquids and Gases N-122.9.1 N-122.9.2 N-122.9.3
284	Chapter N-III Materials N-123 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS N-123.1 Materials and Specifications N-123.1.1 Listed Materials. N-123.1.2 Unlisted Materials. N-123.1.3 Unknown Materials. N-124 LIMITATIONS ON MATERIALS N-124.1 Temperature Limitations N-124.1.1 Thermoplastic Piping Components. N-124.1.2 Laminated Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping Components. N-124.1.3 Machine-Made Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe. N-124.1.4 Notes for Tables N-102.2.1A-1, NÃ102.2.1A-2, and N-102.2.1A-3. N-124.1.5 Upper Temperature Limitations N-124.1.6 Lower Temperature Limitations N-124.9 Installation Limitations for Nonmetallic Piping N-124.9.1 General N-124.9.2 Thermoplastics N-124.9.3 Reinforced Thermosetting Resins RTR Piping.
285	N-124.9.4 Reinforced Plastic Mortar RPM Piping. N-125 MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS: JOINING AND AUXILIARY MATERIALS
286	Chapter N-IV Specifications and Standard Data N-126 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS N-126.1 Standard Piping Components N-126.2 Nonstandard Piping Components N-126.3 Reference Documents
287	Table N-126.1 Nonmetallic Material and Product Standards
289	Chapter N-V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection N-127 BONDING PLASTIC JOINTS N-127.1 General N-127.1.1 N-127.1.2 N-127.1.3 N-127.1.4 N-127.1.5 N-127.1.6 N-127.1.7 Joint Identification. N-127.5 Qualification N-127.5.1 General. N-127.5.2 Bonding Responsibility. N-127.5.3 Qualification by Others
290	Fig. N-127.7.1(B) Solvent-Cemented Joint N-127.6 Qualification Records N-127.7 Thermoplastic Pipe Joints N-127.7.1 Solvent-Cemented Joints N-127.7.2 Heat and Fusion Joints
291	Fig. N-127.7.2(B) Heat Fusion Joints N-127.7.3 Electrofusion Joints N-127.7.4 Repair of Defects. N-127.8 FRP Pipe Joints N-127.8.1 Thermosetting Resin Joints N-127.8.2 Repair of Defects. N-127.9 Welding of Metallic Piping Lined With Nonmetals
292	Fig. N-127.7.3(B) Thermoplastic Electrofusion Joints Fig. N-127.8.1(B) Thermosetting Resin Joints N-129 BENDING AND FORMING N-129.1 Bending N-129.1.1 Pipe Bending. N-129.1.2 Bending Methods. N-129.2 Component Forming N-135 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION N-135.1 General N-135.3 Bolted Flanged Connections N-135.3.5 Flaring of Nonmetallic Linings
294	Chapter N-VI Examination, Inspection, and Testing N-136 GENERAL N-136.1 Inspection N-136.3 Examination N-136.3.1 General. N-136.3.2 Qualification of NDE Personnel. N-136.3.3 Extent of Required Examination. N-136.4 Examination Methods N-136.4.1 Nondestructive Examination
295	Table N-136.4.1(B) Acceptance Criteria for Bonds N-136.4.2 Visual Examination N-137 PRESSURE TESTS
296	NONMANDATORY APPENDICES NONMANDATORY APPENDICES NONMANDATORY APPENDIX II RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF SAFETY VALVE INSTALLATIONS1 FOREWORD II-1 SCOPE AND DEFINITION II-1.1 Scope II-1.2 Definitions Valve Descriptions Follow the Definitions Given in Section I of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
297	II-2 LOADS II-2.1 Thermal Expansion II-2.1.1 Installations With Open Discharge. II-2.1.2 Installations With Closed Discharge. II-2.2 Pressure II-2.2.1 Design Pressure and Velocity for Open Discharge Installation Discharge Elbows and Vent Pipes.
298	Fig. II-1.2(A) Safety Valve Installation (Open Discharge System)
299	Fig. II-1.2(B) Safety Valve Installation (Closed Discharge System)
300	Fig. II-2-1 Discharge Elbow (Open Discharge Installation) Table II-2.2.1 Values of a and b
301	Chart II-1 Compressible Flow Analysis II-2.2.2 Pressure for Closed Discharge Installations.
302	Fig. II-2-2 Vent Pipe (Open Discharge Installation) II-2.3 Reaction Forces From Valve Discharge
303	II-2.3.1 Reaction Forces With Open Discharge Systems II-2.3.1.1 Discharge Elbow. II-2.3.1.2 Vent Pipe. II-2.3.2 Reaction Forces With Closed Discharge Systems. II-2.4 Other Mechanical Loads II-2.4.1 II-2.4.2
304	II-3 BENDING MOMENT COMPUTATIONS II-3.1 General II-3.2 Thermal Expansion Analysis II-3.3 Deadweight Analysis II-3.4 Earthquake Analysis II-3.5 Analysis for Reaction Forces Due to Valve Discharge II-3.5.1 Open Discharge Systems II-3.5.1.1
305	II-3.5.1.2 Multiple Valve Arrangements. II-3.5.1.3 Dynamic Amplification of Reaction Forces. II-3.5.1.4 Valve Cycling. II-3.5.1.5 Time-History Analysis. II-3.5.2 Closed Discharge Systems. II-3.5.3 Water Seals. II-4 LOADING CRITERIA AND STRESS COMPUTATION II-4.1 Loading Criteria
306	Fig. II-3-1 Safety Valve Installation (Open Discharge System)
307	Fig. II-3-2 Dynamic Load Factors for Open Discharge System II-4.2 Stress Calculations II-4.2.1 Pressure Stresses. II-4.2.2 Pressure Plus Bending Stresses. II-4.2.2.1 Additive Stresses at Branch Connection.
308	II-4.2.2.2 Additive Stresses in Inlet Pipe. II-4.2.3 Analysis of Flange. II-4.2.4 Analysis of Valve. II-5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS II-5.1 General II-5.2 Geometry II-5.2.1 Locations of Safety Valve Installations. II-5.2.2 Spacing of Safety Valve Installation. II-5.3 Types of Valves and Installations II-5.3.1 Installations With Single Outlet Valves. II-5.3.2 Installations With Double Outlet Valves.
309	II-5.3.3 Multiple Installations. II-5.4 Installation Branch Connections II-5.5 Water in Installation Piping II-5.5.1 Drainage of Discharge Piping. II-5.5.2 Water Seals. II-5.6 Discharge Stacks II-5.7 Support Design II-5.7.1 Pipe Supports. II-5.7.2 Snubbers.
310	II-5.8 Silencer Installation II-6 SAMPLE DESIGNS II-7 SAMPLE PROBLEM SEE FIG. II-7-1 AND FIG. IIÃ7Ã2 II-7.1 Procedure II-7.1.1 Pressure and Velocity at Discharge Elbow Exit Para. II-2.2.1 II-7.1.2 Discharge Elbow Maximum Operating Pressure. II-7.1.3 Reaction Force at Discharge Elbow Exit.
311	Fig. II-6-1 Examples of Safety Valve Installations
312	Fig. II-7-1 Sample Problem Figure 1
313	Fig. II-7-2 Sample Problem Figure 2
314	II-7.1.4 Bending Moments at Points 1 and 2 II-7.1.5 Stress Intensification Factors at Points 1 and 2 II-7.1.6 Predicted Stresses at Points 1 and 2
315	II-7.1.7 Calculate the Maximum Operating Pressure for Vent Pipe II-7.1.8 Check for Blowback From Vent Pipe. II-7.1.9 Calculate Forces and Moments on Vent Pipe Anchor
316	Fig. II-7-3 Sample Problem Figure 3 II-7.1.10 Conclusion.
317	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX IV CORROSION CONTROL FOR ASME B31.1 POWER PIPING SYSTEMS FOREWORD IV-1 GENERAL IV-1.1 Recommended Guidance IV-1.2 Protection of All Piping Systems IV-2 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR BURIED OR SUBMERGED PIPELINES IV-2.1 General IV-2.1.1 IV-2.1.2 IV-2.2 Protective Coating IV-2.2.1 IV-2.2.2 IV-2.2.3 IV-2.2.4
318	IV-2.2.5 IV-2.2.6 IV-2.3 Cathodic Protection System IV-2.3.1 IV-2.3.2 IV-2.3.3 IV-2.4 Electrical Isolation IV-2.4.1 IV-2.4.2 IV-2.4.3 IV-2.4.4 IV-2.4.5 IV-2.5 Electrical Interference IV-2.5.1 IV-2.5.2 IV-2.5.3 IV-3 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL IV-3.1 General IV-3.2 Inhibitors IV-3.3 Linings IV-3.4 Precautions at Hydrotesting
319	Table IV-5.2 Erosion/Corrosion Rates IV-4 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR PIPING EXPOSED TO THE ATMOSPHERE IV-5 MONITORING OF PIPE WALL THINNING DUE TO EROSION/CORROSION IV-5.1 Definition IV-5.2 Systems and Components Susceptible to Erosion/Corrosion IV-5.3 Methods of Detection IV-5.4 Acceptance Standards
320	IV-5.5 Repair/Replacement Procedures IV-5.6 References
321	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX V RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION OF POWER PIPING SYSTEMS FOREWORD V-1 DEFINITIONS1
322	V-2 GENERAL V-2.1 Application V-2.1.1 V-2.1.2 V-2.2 Conformance V-2.2.1 V-2.3 Requirements V-2.3.1 V-3 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAM V-3.1 General V-3.2 Documentation V-4 REQUIREMENTS OF THE OPERATING, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION PROCEDURES
323	V-5 PIPING AND PIPE SUPPORT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS V-5.1 Maintenance Program V-5.1.1 V-5.2 Personnel V-5.2.1 V-6 MATERIAL RESTORATION V-6.1 Material Condition After Failure V-6.1.1 V-6.1.2 V-6.1.3
324	V-6.1.4 V-6.2 Inspection Program for Materials With Adverse History V-6.2.1 V-6.2.2 V-6.2.3 V-6.3 Nondestructive Examination V-7 CPS POSITION HISTORY V-7.1 General V-7.1.1 V-7.1.2 V-7.1.3 V-7.2 Visual Survey V-7.3 Piping Position Markers V-7.3.1 V-7.3.2 V-7.4 Pipe Supports on CPS V-7.4.1 V-7.4.2
325	V-7.5 CPS Records V-7.6 Recommendations V-8 PIPING CORROSION V-8.1 General V-8.1.1 V-8.1.2 V-8.1.3
326	Forms Form V-7.5(A) Piping System Support Design Details
327	Form V-7.5(B) Hot Walkdown of Piping System Supports
328	Form V-7.5(C) Cold Walkdown of Piping System Supports
329	V-8.2 Procedures V-8.2.1 V-8.2.2 V-8.2.3 V-8.3 Records V-8.3.1 V-8.3.2 V-8.3.3 V-8.4 Examination of Records V-8.4.1 V-8.4.2 V-8.5 Frequency of Examination V-8.5.1 V-8.5.2 V-8.5.3 V-8.5.4 V-9 PIPING ADDITION TO EXISTING PLANTS V-9.1 Piping Classification V-9.2 Duplicate Components V-9.3 Replacement Piping and Piping Components
330	V-10 PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES V-10.1 General V-10.2 Inspection, Testing, and Adjustment V-10.2.1 V-10.2.2 V-10.3 Operation V-11 DYNAMIC LOADING V-11.1 Water Hammer V-11.1.1 V-11.1.2 V-11.1.3 V-11.1.4
331	V-11.2 Steam Hammer V-12 CREEP V-12.1 General V-12.1.1 V-12.1.2 V-12.1.3 V-12.2 Procedures V-12.2.1 V-12.2.2 V-12.3 Records V-12.4 Examination of Records V-12.4.1 V-12.4.2
332	Fig. V-12.1.2 Effect of Various Steady Operating Temperatures on Time to Failure Due to Creep V-12.5 Frequency of Examination V-13 RERATING PIPING SYSTEMS V-13.1 Conditions
333	V-14 REPAIR OF PIPING SYSTEMS V-14.1 Guidance for Repairs
334	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX VI APPROVAL OF NEW MATERIALS
336	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX VII PROCEDURES FOR THE DESIGN OF RESTRAINED UNDERGROUND PIPING FOREWORD VII-1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS VII-1.1 Scope VII-1.2 Definitions VII-1.3 Nomenclature
337	VII-2 LOADS VII-2.1 Thermal Expansion VII-2.1.1 Installations With Continuous Runs. VII-2.1.2 Installations With Flexible Couplings. VII-2.1.3 Installations With Penetration Anchors. VII-2.1.4 Installations With Flexible Penetrations. VII-2.2 Pressure VII-2.2.1
338	VII-2.2.2 VII-2.3 Earthquake VII-3 CALCULATIONS VII-3.1 Assembling the Data VII-3.1.1 Pipe Data VII-3.1.2 Soil Characteristics VII-3.1.3 Operating Conditions VII-3.2 Calculations of Intermediate Parameters VII-3.2.1 Maximum Relative Strain, epsilon, at the Pipe/Soil Interface, in./in. VII-3.2.2 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction, k, psi. VII-3.2.3 Unit Friction Force at the Pipe/Soil Interface, f
339	Table VII-3.2.3 Approximate Safe Working Values of CD for Use in Modified Marston Formula VII-3.2.4 Pipe/Soil System Characteristic 2 VII-3.2.5 Minimum Slippage Length, Lm 1 VII-3.2.6 Maximum Axial Force, Fmax, in the Longitudinal Pipe Run. VII-3.3 Classification of the Pipe Runs VII-3.3.1 Purpose. VII-3.3.2 Classification of the Pipe Elements.
340	Fig. VII-3.3.2-1 Element Category A, Elbow or Bend Fig. VII-3.3.2-2 Element Category B, Branch Pipe Joining the P Leg Fig. VII-3.3.2-3 Element Category C, Tee on End of P Leg Fig. VII-3.3.2-4 Element Category D, Straight Pipe
341	VII-3.3.4 Locating the Virtual Anchor. VII-4 COMPUTER MODELING OF BURIED PIPING VII-4.1 Determination of Stresses VII-4.2 Determination of Element Lengths VII-4.2.1 VII-4.2.2 VII-4.2.3 VII-4.2.4 VII-4.3 Determination of Soil Parameters
342	Fig. VII-5 Plan of Example Buried Pipe VII-4.4 Pipe With Expansion Joints VII-4.5 Pipe Stresses at Building Penetrations VII-5 ALLOWABLE STRESS IN BURIED PIPE VII-6 EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS VII-6.1 Assemble the Data VII-6.1.1 Pipe Data VII-6.1.2 Soil Characteristics VII-6.1.3 Operating Conditions VII-6.2 Calculate the Intermediate Parameters VII-6.2.1 Relative Strain at the Pipe/Soil Interface.
343	VII-6.2.2 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction, k 8. VII-6.2.3 Friction Forces Per Unit Length Acting at the Pipe/Soil Interface VII-6.2.4 Pipe/Soil System Characteristic, beta 2 VII-6.2.5 Minimum Slippage Length, Lm VII-6.2.6 Maximum Axial Force, Fmax, Corresponding to Lm VII-6.3 Classification of Runs VII-6.3.1 VII-6.3.2 VII-6.3.3
344	Table VII-6.3 Equations for Calculating Effective Length L′ or L″ VII-6.4 Computer Modeling VII-6.4.1 Element Length. VII-6.4.2 Number of Elements. VII-6.4.3 Spring Rate, ki,j. VII-6.4.4 Friction Force, Ff.
345	Fig. VII-6.4.4 Computer Model of Example Pipe Fig. VII-6.6 Example Plan of Element 1 as a Category D Element VII-6.5 Results of Analysis VII-6.6 Anchor Load Example
346	VII-7 REFERENCES
347	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX VIII GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING IF LOW-TEMPERATURE SERVICE REQUIREMENTS APPLY
348	Table VIII-1 Low-Temperature Service Requirements by Material Group
350	Table VIII-2 Material Groupings by Material Specification
356	INDEX
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Standard Title	ASME B31.1 – 2016: Power Piping
Published Code	ASME
Publication Date	2016
Pages Count	366

ASME B31.1 2016

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