ASCE 9780784400067 1997
$65.00
Introduction to Cold Regions Engineering
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASCE | 1997 | 759 |
Freitag and McFadden introduce the special principles and practices needed for successful design and construction in cold environments.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 4 | CONTENTS |
| 16 | DEDICATION |
| 18 | PREFACE |
| 20 | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
| 22 | CHAPTER 1 THE COLD REGIONS AND ENGINEERING 1.0 INTRODUCTION |
| 23 | 1.1 GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT |
| 25 | 1.2 TEMPERATURE |
| 26 | 1.2.1 Temperature Ranges |
| 27 | 1.2.2 Freezing Season 1.2.3 Permafrost Zone |
| 30 | 1.3 PRECIPITATION |
| 33 | 1.4 VEGETATION |
| 36 | 1.4.1 Glaciers and Barrens |
| 37 | 1.4.2 Tundra |
| 39 | 1.4.3 Taiga |
| 42 | 1.4.4 Forests and Grasslands 1.5 SOILS |
| 43 | 1.6 PERMAFROST TERRAIN |
| 44 | 1.6.1 Patterned Ground |
| 47 | 1.6.2 Hummocks 1.6.3 Palsas |
| 48 | 1.6.4 Pingos 1.6.5 Solifluction |
| 49 | 1.6.6 Ground Ice |
| 50 | 1.6.7 Thermokarst 1.7 WORKING CONDITIONS 1.7.1 Wind |
| 51 | 1.7.2 Hours of Darkness |
| 52 | 1.8 POPULATION 1.8.1 Density and Distribution |
| 56 | 1.8.2 Public Health |
| 58 | 1.9 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION |
| 65 | REFERENCES |
| 68 | CHAPTER 2 PRINCIPLES OF HEAT TRANSFER 2.0 INTRODUCTION 2.1 FIRST PRINCIPLES |
| 69 | 2.1.1 Thermal Conductivity 2.1.2 Thermal Resistance 2.1.3 Units |
| 72 | 2.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONDUCTION 2.2.1 Fourier’s Equation |
| 74 | 2.2.2 Multiple Layer Problems |
| 76 | 2.2.3 Temperatures within Multiple Layers |
| 79 | 2.2.4 Heat Flow through Curved Surfaces |
| 80 | 2.2.5 Spherical Surfaces 2.2.6 Non-Steady State Conduction—Transient Heat Flow |
| 82 | 2.3 HEAT TRANSFER IN TWO DIMENSIONS |
| 83 | 2.3.1 Graphical Solutions |
| 86 | 2.3.2 Correlation between the Flux Plot and Heat Transfer |
| 87 | 2.3.3 Shape Factor 2.4 CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER |
| 89 | 2.4.1 Newton’s Law of Cooling |
| 92 | 2.4.2 Dimensionless Number Groups 2.4.3 Reynolds’ Number |
| 94 | 2.4.4 Prandtl Number 2.4.5 Nusselt Number |
| 98 | 2.5 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 2.5.1 Black Body Radiation 2.5.2 Emissivity of Non-Black Surfaces |
| 99 | 2.5.3 View Factor |
| 104 | 2.5.4 Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity 2.5.5 Exchange of Radiation between Black Bodies |
| 105 | REFERENCES |
| 108 | CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF SOIL MECHANICS PART I: FIRST PRINCIPLES 3.1 NATURE OF SOIL |
| 116 | 3.2 VOLUME-MASS OR VOLUME-WEIGHT RELATIONS |
| 123 | 3.3 SOIL CLASSIFICATION |
| 129 | 3.4 WATER IN SOIL |
| 133 | 3.5 WATER FLOW IN SOIL |
| 138 | 3.6 TOTAL, NEUTRAL, AND EFFECTIVE STRESS |
| 141 | 3.7 CONSOLIDATION |
| 148 | 3.8 SHEAR STRENGTH |
| 154 | 3.9 SOIL COMPACTION |
| 159 | PART II: PROPERTIES OF FROZEN SOILS 3.10 ICE IN SOIL |
| 162 | 3.11 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FROZEN SOIL |
| 168 | 3.12 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FROZEN SOIL |
| 179 | 3.13 THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES |
| 181 | REFERENCES |
| 184 | CHAPTER 4 FREEZING PHENOMENA 4.1 FIRST PRINCIPLES 4.1.1 Ice Formation |
| 186 | 4.1.2 Freezing Index |
| 187 | 4.2 CALCULATING THE RATE OF ICE GROWTH 4.2.1 Stefan’s Equation |
| 190 | 4.2.2 Michel’s Equation 4.2.3 Ashton’s Equation |
| 191 | 4.2.4 Nelson’s Approach |
| 192 | 4.3 ICE TYPES |
| 193 | 4.3.1 Ice Strength |
| 194 | 4.3.2 Compressive Strength |
| 196 | 4.3.3 Bending (Flexural) Strength |
| 197 | 4.3.4 Tensile Strength |
| 198 | 4.4 LOADING AN ICE SHEET |
| 200 | 4.4.1 Short Duration Loads on Ice |
| 202 | 4.4.2 Stationary Loads on Ice |
| 205 | 4.4.3 Moving Loads on Ice |
| 206 | 4.5 ICE FORCES ON STRUCTURES |
| 207 | 4.5.1 Lateral Ice Forces in an Ice Sheet |
| 212 | 4.5.2 Vertical Ice Forces on Structures |
| 215 | 4.5.3 Freezing in Pipes and Closed Containers |
| 218 | REFERENCES |
| 220 | CHAPTER 5 ROADS AND AIRFIELDS 5.0 INTRODUCTION |
| 221 | 5.1 DESIGN OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURES—FIRST PRINCIPLES 5.1.1 Structural Components |
| 222 | 5.1.2 Structural Design of Pavements |
| 225 | 5.2 CAUSES OF FAILURE 5.2.1 Frost Heave |
| 229 | 5.2.2 Factor Evaluation |
| 237 | 5.2.3 Thaw of Subgrade Ice |
| 239 | 5.2.4 Thermal Strains 5.3 DESIGN STRATEGIES—SEASONAL FROST 5.3.1 Design Concepts |
| 240 | 5.3.2 Limited Frost Penetration |
| 243 | 5.3.3 Reduced Subgrade Strength |
| 245 | 5.3.4 AASHTO Guidelines |
| 246 | 5.3.5 The Future—A Mechanistic Design Procedure |
| 248 | 5.3.6 Special Provisions |
| 249 | 5.3.7 Drainage 5.4 DESIGN STRATEGIES—PERMAFROST |
| 250 | 5.4.1 Thaw Protection |
| 253 | 5.4.2 Insulation |
| 254 | 5.4.3 Reduced Subgrade Strength |
| 255 | 5.4.4 Unsurfaced Roads and Airfields |
| 257 | 5.4.5 Drainage 5.5 BASE COURSE COMPOSITION |
| 259 | 5.6 SUBGRADE PREPARATION 5.6.1 Soil Blending |
| 260 | 5.6.2 Boulder Removal 5.6.3 Drains and Culverts |
| 261 | 5.7 ASPHALT SELECTION 5.7.1 Asphalt Properties |
| 262 | 5.7.2 Asphalt Selection Guide |
| 264 | 5.8 LONGITUDINAL CRACKING 5.8.1 Cracking Due to Seasonal Frost 5.8.2 Cracking on Permafrost |
| 267 | REFERENCES |
| 270 | CHAPTER 6 BUILDING FOUNDATIONS ON PERMAFROST 6.1 FOUNDATION DESIGN—FIRST PRINCIPLES 6.1.1 Types of Foundations |
| 271 | 6.1.2 Settlement Analysis |
| 272 | 6.1.3 Bearing Capacity Analysis |
| 274 | 6.1.4 Pile Load Analysis 6.2 COMPLICATIONS DUE TO LOW TEMPERATURES 6.2.1 Frost Heave |
| 275 | 6.2.2 Frost Jacking 6.2.3 Thaw Settlement |
| 277 | 6.2.4 Thaw Weakening 6.2.5 Long-Term Strength and Creep 6.3 GUIDELINES FOR FOUNDATION DESIGN 6.3.1 General |
| 279 | 6.3.2 Seasonal Frost 6.3.3 Permafrost, Ice-Poor 6.3.4 Permafrost, Ice-Rich |
| 281 | 6.3.5 Foundation Types |
| 283 | 6.3.6 Foundation Selection |
| 284 | 6.3.7 Design Procedures |
| 286 | 6.4 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 6.4.1 Depth of Freeze or Thaw |
| 288 | 6.4.2 Simple Frost Depth 6.4.3 Simple Thaw Depth |
| 289 | 6.4.4 Thaw Depth beneath Heated Structures |
| 294 | 6.5 CONSOLIDATION AND SETTLEMENT DUE TO THAW |
| 296 | 6.5.1 Sources of Thaw Settlement 6.5.2 Thaw-Consolidation Tests |
| 297 | 6.5.3 Thaw-Consolidation Estimates |
| 300 | 6.5.4 Rate of Settlement |
| 301 | 6.6 SETTLEMENT DUE TO CREEP 6.6.1 Basic Principles |
| 302 | 6.6.2 Estimating Applied Stresses |
| 304 | 6.6.3 Settlement Calculations |
| 312 | 6.7 ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS |
| 313 | 6.7.1 Freezeback Time |
| 316 | 6.7.2 Bearing Capacity |
| 320 | 6.7.3 Load Tests 6.7.4 Creep Settlement 6.7.5 Frost Heave and Uplift |
| 322 | 6.7.6 Post-Construction Adjustment REFERENCES |
| 324 | CHAPTER 7 BUILDINGS IN COLD REGIONS PART I: FIRST PRINCIPLES 7.0 BUILDING PERFORMANCE 7.1 INSULATION |
| 337 | 7.2 VAPOR BARRIERS (RETARDERS) |
| 353 | PART II: DESIGNS FOR THE COLD REGIONS 7.3 VENTILATION |
| 363 | 7.4 VESTIBULE ENTRIES |
| 366 | 7.5 WINDOWS |
| 389 | 7.6 ROOF DESIGN |
| 396 | REFERENCES |
| 398 | CHAPTER 8 HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS 8.1 HYDROLOGY—FIRST PRINCIPLES 8.1.1 Role of Hydrology |
| 399 | 8.1.2 Hydrologic Equation |
| 400 | 8.1.3 Ground Water 8.1.4 Hydrograph |
| 401 | 8.1.5 Flow Routing |
| 402 | 8.1.6 Synthesis and Mathematical Models 8.2 SNOW HYDROLOGY 8.2.1 Snow Measurement |
| 408 | 8.2.2 Snowmelt |
| 411 | 8.2.3 Rain on Snow |
| 412 | 8.2.4 Glacier Runoff |
| 413 | 8.3 EFFECT OF FROZEN GROUND 8.3.1 Infiltration and Runoff 8.3.2 Ground Water |
| 415 | 8.3.3 Icing, Aufeis, and Naled |
| 417 | 8.4 FREEZING OF LAKES AND STREAMS 8.4.1 First Principles |
| 419 | 8.4.2 Lake Ice |
| 422 | 8.4.3 River Ice |
| 426 | 8.5 STREAM HYDRAULICS 8.5.1 First Principles |
| 428 | 8.5.2 Streams with Ice |
| 429 | 8.5.3 Resistance Coefficient under an Ice Cover 8.5.4 Stage-Discharge Relations |
| 432 | 8.5.5 Sediment Transport |
| 433 | 8.6 ICE JAMS 8.6.1 Formation |
| 435 | 8.6.2 Stage Frequency Distribution |
| 436 | 8.6.3 Maximum Flood Stage |
| 437 | 8.6.4 Prevention and Alleviation |
| 439 | REFERENCES |
| 442 | CHAPTER 9 WATER SUPPLY AND DELIVERY 9.0 INTRODUCTION 9.1 FIRST PRINCIPLES |
| 444 | 9.1.1 Sources 9.1.2 Surface Water |
| 445 | 9.1.3 Ground Water |
| 446 | 9.1.4 Artesian Flow and Permafrost |
| 448 | 9.2 SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD REGIONS |
| 450 | 9.3 WATERSHED ENHANCEMENT |
| 451 | 9.3.1 Dams and Reservoirs 9.3.2 Snow Fences |
| 452 | 9.4 DISTRIBUTION |
| 453 | 9.4.1 Central Watering Point |
| 454 | 9.4.2 Trucked System 9.4.3 Piped Delivery System |
| 456 | 9.4.4 Pipe Freezing |
| 457 | 9.5 UTILIDOR DESIGN |
| 458 | 9.5.1 Insulation |
| 459 | 9.5.2 Heat Loss from Pipelines and Utilidors |
| 464 | 9.5.3 Two-Dimensional Heat Flow 9.5.4 Utilidor Size |
| 465 | 9.5.5 Heat Trace |
| 466 | 9.6 WATER TREATMENT 9.6.1 Temperature Effects |
| 468 | 9.6.2 Plant Operations 9.6.3 Chlorination |
| 469 | 9.6.4 Ozonation 9.6.5 Reverse Osmosis |
| 471 | 9.6.6 Desalination by Freezing REFERENCES |
| 474 | CHAPTER 10 SANITARY SYSTEMS AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT 10.1 WASTEWATER TREATMENT—FIRST PRINCIPLES 10.1.1 Significance |
| 475 | 10.1.2 Sources and Types 10.1.3 Characteristics |
| 476 | 10.1.4 Collection Systems 10.1.5 Treatment and Disposal |
| 478 | 10.2 SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD REGIONS 10.2.1 Temperature |
| 479 | 10.2.2 Size and Nature of Facility Served |
| 480 | 10.2.3 Maintenance and Operation |
| 481 | 10.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER 10.3.1 Quantity 10.3.2 Concentration |
| 485 | 10.3.3 Flow Variation 10.4 TREATMENT TECHNIQUES 10.4.1 Sedimentation |
| 486 | 10.4.2 Lagoons |
| 490 | 10.4.3 Suspended-Culture Systems |
| 493 | 10.4.4 Attached-Growth Systems |
| 494 | 10.4.5 Physical/Chemical Processes 10.4.6 Land Treatment |
| 498 | 10.5 DISCHARGE OF TREATED PLANT EFFLUENT 10.5.1 Discharge to Surface Waters |
| 499 | 10.5.2 Discharge Methods |
| 500 | 10.5.3 Disposal to the Land |
| 501 | 10.6 SLUDGE DISPOSAL 10.6.1 Lagoon Sludges |
| 502 | 10.6.2 Dewatering |
| 503 | 10.6.3 Sludge Pits |
| 504 | 10.6.4 Snow and Ice Pits 10.7 COLLECTION SYSTEMS 10.7.1 Individual Container System |
| 507 | 10.7.2 Tank Storage and Tanker Haul |
| 508 | 10.7.3 Gravity-Flow Pipe System |
| 511 | 10.7.4 Pressurized Lines |
| 513 | 10.7.5 Vacuum Collection Systems |
| 514 | 10.8 ON-SITE WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT |
| 516 | 10.8.1 Septic Tanks |
| 518 | 10.8.2 Aerobic Treatment |
| 520 | 10.8.3 Composting REFERENCES |
| 524 | CHAPTER 11 CONTROL OF SNOW AND ICE 11.1 FIRST PRINCIPLES |
| 525 | 11.2 SNOW DRIFTING AND BLOWING |
| 526 | 11.3 DENSITY AND SNOW PROPERTIES |
| 527 | 11.4 CONTROL OF BLOWING SNOW |
| 534 | 11.5 SNOW FENCE CONSTRUCTION |
| 535 | 11.6 WINTER ROADS |
| 536 | 11.7 SNOW ROADS |
| 539 | 11.8 ICE ROADS |
| 540 | 11.9 ICE AGGREGATE ROADS |
| 541 | 11.10 AVALANCHE CONTROL |
| 544 | 11.11 AUFEIS |
| 547 | 11.12 CONTROL OF AUFEIS ON ROADS AND NEAR BUILDINGS |
| 548 | 11.13 CULVERT ICINGS |
| 550 | REFERENCES |
| 552 | CHAPTER 12 PERFORMANCE OF MATERIALS IN COLD REGIONS 12.1 FIRST PRINCIPLES |
| 553 | 12.1.1 Crystal Structures of Metals |
| 555 | 12.1.2 Effects of Low Temperatures on Material Properties |
| 556 | 12.2 METALS |
| 557 | 12.2.1 Measurement of Brittleness |
| 560 | 12.2.2 Factors Affecting the CVN Transition Temperature |
| 564 | 12.2.3 Effects of Welding |
| 566 | 12.2.4 Application of Brittle Criteria to Design |
| 569 | 12.2.5 Nonferrous Metals at Low Temperatures |
| 573 | 12.3 POLYMERS FOR LOW TEMPERATURE SERVICE 12.3.1 Fillers |
| 574 | 12.3.2 Performance at Low Temperatures 12.3.3 Bearing Materials |
| 576 | 12.3.4 Elastomers |
| 577 | 12.3.5 Electrical Insulation at Low Temperatures 12.3.6 Service Conditions |
| 578 | 12.4 WOOD AT LOW TEMPERATURES |
| 579 | 12.5 INSULATION AT LOW TEMPERATURES 12.6 CONCRETE AT LOW TEMPERATURES |
| 581 | 12.6.1 Planning |
| 582 | 12.6.2 Additives for Lower Temperatures |
| 583 | 12.6.3 Regulated Set Concrete |
| 585 | 12.6.4 Avoiding Damage with Protective Enclosures |
| 589 | 12.6.5 Effect of Temperature on Curing |
| 593 | 12.6.6 Strength and Durability |
| 595 | 12.6.7 Concrete Research and New Developments 12.7 OTHER COLD REGIONS AND HIGH LATITUDE PROBLEMS 12.7.1 Auroral Activity |
| 596 | 12.7.2 Electrical Grounding |
| 597 | REFERENCES |
| 600 | CHAPTER 13 EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS 13.1 FIRST PRINCIPLES 13.1.1 Cold Regions Requirements |
| 601 | 13.1.2 Lubricant Temperature and Increased Wear |
| 604 | 13.1.3 Cold Induced Breakage |
| 605 | 13.1.4 Hydraulic Systems 13.2 PROPER CARE OF EQUIPMENT IN THE COLD |
| 606 | 13.2.1 Winterizing Equipment for Cold-Weather Operation 13.2.2 Engines |
| 608 | 13.2.3 Transmissions |
| 609 | 13.2.4 Brake and Hydraulic Systems |
| 610 | 13.2.5 Cooling Systems |
| 612 | 13.2.6 Batteries |
| 617 | 13.2.7 Lubrication 13.2.8 Interior Heaters |
| 618 | 13.2.9 Starting and Warm-Up |
| 620 | 13.2.10 Economics of Winterizing |
| 621 | 13.3 EFFECTS OF COLD ON PRODUCTIVITY |
| 622 | 13.3.1 Decline of Human Productivity at Low Temperatures 13.3.2 Wind Chill Factors |
| 624 | 13.3.3 Procedures to Mitigate the Wind Chill Problem |
| 627 | 13.4 WINTER CONSTRUCTION—USING THE COLD TO YOUR ADVANTAGE |
| 628 | REFERENCES |
| 630 | CHAPTER 14 EARTHWORK IN COLD REGIONS 14.1 FIRST PRINCIPLES |
| 631 | 14.2 SPECIAL CONDITIONS IN COLD REGIONS |
| 633 | 14.3 WHY DO EARTHMOVING IN WINTER? 14.3.1 Permafrost Zones |
| 634 | 14.3.2 Seasonal Frost Zones |
| 635 | 14.4 CUTTING AND EXCAVATING FROZEN SOIL 14.4.1 Effects of Soil Type |
| 636 | 14.4.2 Strength of Frozen Soil |
| 639 | 14.4.3 Means of Excavation |
| 641 | 14.5 MECHANICAL METHODS OF EXCAVATION 14.5.1 Mechanics of Cutting |
| 648 | 14.5.2 Ripping |
| 650 | 14.5.3 Rotary Cutters |
| 652 | 14.5.4 Hydraulic Excavators |
| 653 | 14.6 BLASTING TO LOOSEN FROZEN SOILS |
| 654 | 14.6.1 First Principles |
| 659 | 14.6.2 Craters in Frozen Soil 14.6.3 Construction Activities |
| 668 | 14.7 THAWING FROZEN SOILS BEFORE EXCAVATION |
| 669 | 14.8 EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION IN WINTER WITH UNFROZEN SOIL |
| 670 | 14.8.1 Embankment Dams in the USSR |
| 671 | 14.8.2 Highway Embankments |
| 672 | 14.9 EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION IN WINTER WITH FROZEN SOILS 14.9.1 Preparation and Handling |
| 674 | 14.9.2 Placement and Compaction |
| 676 | 14.9.3 Characteristics of Compacted Soil |
| 679 | 14.9.4 Maintenance |
| 680 | REFERENCES |
| 684 | CHAPTER 15 SITE SELECTION 15.1 FIRST PRINCIPLES |
| 685 | 15.1.1 Elements of Site Selection |
| 686 | 15.1.2 Information Required |
| 687 | 15.1.3 Data Sources |
| 688 | 15.2 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE COLD REGIONS 15.2.1 Information Required |
| 689 | 15.3 ARCHIVAL DATA 15.3.1 Topographic Maps |
| 692 | 15.3.2 Geological Maps 15.3.3 Soil Maps |
| 695 | 15.3.4 Weather Records 15.3.5 Hydrologic Records |
| 696 | 15.3.6 Aerial Photograph File |
| 697 | 15.4 INFERENTIAL DATA 15.4.1 Terrain Imagery |
| 701 | 15.4.2 Photographic Records 15.4.3 Airphoto Analysis Techniques |
| 703 | 15.4.4 Cold Regions Features |
| 713 | 15.4.5 Satellite Imagery |
| 717 | 15.5 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION 15.5.1 Exploration Program |
| 718 | 15.5.2 Characteristics of Frozen Soils |
| 720 | 15.5.3 Drilling Equipment 15.5.4 Drill Bits |
| 724 | 15.5.5 Sampling |
| 726 | 15.5.6 Temperature Measurements |
| 728 | 15.6 GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES |
| 729 | 15.6.1 Seismic Surveys |
| 734 | 15.6.2 Electrical Resistance Surveys |
| 736 | 15.6.3 Electromagnetic Profiling |
| 739 | 15.6.4 Radar Profiling |
| 740 | 15.6.5 Cross-Borehole Testing |
| 741 | REFERENCES |
| 744 | CONVERSION TABLE |
| 746 | INDEX A |
| 747 | B C |
| 748 | D |
| 749 | E F |
| 750 | G H |
| 751 | I K L |
| 752 | M N O |
| 753 | P |
| 754 | Q R S |
| 756 | T |
| 757 | U V |
| 758 | W |
| 759 | X Y Z |
