{"id":155176,"date":"2024-10-19T09:14:47","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T09:14:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/asme-b31-1-2016\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T01:29:33","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T01:29:33","slug":"asme-b31-1-2016","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/asme\/asme-b31-1-2016\/","title":{"rendered":"ASME B31.1 2016"},"content":{"rendered":"

ASME has been defining piping safety since 1922. ASME B31.1 prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, inspection, operation, and maintenance of piping systems typically found in electric power generating stations, industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and district heating and cooling systems. It also covers boiler-external piping for power boilers and high-temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 psig; and high temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 psig and\/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F. Key changes to this revision include: Two additional Code Jurisdictional Limit figures have been added A revision to the Qualifications of the Owners Inspector has been made Requirements regarding Covered Piping System records have been moved from Nonmandatory Appendix V to Chapter VII ASME B31.1 is one of ASME\u2019s most requested codes, widely adopted by jurisdictions worldwide. It is prominently referenced in ASME\u2019s Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I. This Code serves as a companion to ASME\u2019s B31.3 Code on Process Piping as well as to the other codes in ASME\u2019s B31 series. Together, they remain essential references for anyone engaged with piping. Intended for manufacturers, designers, operators and owners of piping systems including, but not limited to, steam, water, oil, gas, and air services, plus all potential governing entities.<\/p>\n

PDF Catalog<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nCONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nFOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nASME B31 COMMITTEE RSOTER <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\nINTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nSUMMARY OF CHANGES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\nChapter I Scope and Definitions
100 GENERAL
100.1 Scope
100.1.1
100.1.2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\nFigures
Fig. 100.1.2(A.1) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping \u2014 An Example of Forced Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Water Line <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\nFig. 100.1.2(A.2) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping \u2014 An Example of Steam Separator Type Forced Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Water Line <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nFig. 100.1.2(B.1) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping \u2014 Drum-Type Boilers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\nFig. 100.1.2(B.2) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping \u2014 Isolable Economizers Located in Feedwater Piping and Isolable Superheaters in Main Steam Piping (Boiler Pressure Relief Valves, Blowoff, and Miscellaneous Piping for Boiler Proper Not Shown for Clarity) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\n100.1.3
100.1.4
100.2 Definitions
Fig. 100.1.2(B.3) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping \u2014 Nonintegral Separately Fired Superheaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\nFig. 100.1.2(C) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping \u2014 Spray-Type Desuperheater <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\nChapter II Design
PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA
101 DESIGN CONDITIONS
101.1 General
101.2 Pressure
101.2.2 Internal Design Pressure.
101.2.4 External Design Pressure.
101.2.5 Pressure Cycling.
101.3 Temperature
101.3.1
101.3.2 Design Temperature
101.4 Ambient Influences
101.4.1 Cooling Effects on Pressure.
101.4.2 Fluid Expansion Effects.
101.5 Dynamic Effects
101.5.1 Impact.
101.5.2 Wind. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\n101.5.3 Earthquake.
101.5.4 Vibration.
101.6 Weight Effects
101.6.1 Live Load.
101.6.2 Dead Load.
101.6.3 Test or Cleaning Fluid Load.
101.7 Thermal Expansion and Contraction Loads
101.7.1 General.
101.7.2 Expansion, Swivel, or Ball Joints, and Flexible Metal Hose Assemblies.
102 DESIGN CRITERIA
102.1 General
102.2 Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Piping Components
102.2.1 Components Having Specific Ratings.
102.2.2 Components Not Having Specific Ratings. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n102.2.3 Ratings: Normal Operating Condition.
102.2.4 Ratings: Allowance for Variation From Normal Operation.
102.2.5 Ratings at Transitions.
102.3 Allowable Stress Values and Other Stress Limits for Piping Components
102.3.1 Allowable Stress Values
102.3.2 Limits for Sustained and Displacement Stresses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n102.3.3 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Occasional Loads
102.4 Allowances
102.4.1 Corrosion or Erosion.
102.4.2 Threading and Grooving.
102.4.3 Weld Joint Efficiency Factors. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\nTables
Table 102.4.3 Longitudinal Weld Joint Efficiency Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\n102.4.4 Mechanical Strength.
102.4.5 Bending.
102.4.6 Casting Quality Factors
Fig. 102.4.5 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends
Table 102.4.5 Bend Thinning Allowance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\nTable 102.4.6(B.1.1) Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness 41\u20442 in. (114 mm) or Less <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n102.4.7 Weld Strength Reduction Factors.
PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS
103 CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS
104 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS
104.1 Straight Pipe
104.1.1 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure.
104.1.2 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure — Seamless, Longitudinal Welded, or Spiral Welded and Operating Below the Creep Range
Table 102.4.6(B.2.2) Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness Greater Than 41\u20442 in. (114 mm) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\nTable 102.4.7 Weld Strength Reduction Factors to Be Applied When Calculating the Minimum Wall Thickness or Allowable Design Pressure of Components Fabricated With a Longitudinal Seam Fusion Weld <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\n104.1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pressure.
104.1.4 Longitudinal-Welded or Spiral-Welded Pipe Operating in the Creep Range.
104.2 Curved Segments of Pipe
104.2.1 Pipe Bends.
Table 104.1.2(A) Values of y <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\n104.2.2 Elbows.
104.3 Intersections
104.3.1 Branch Connections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\nFig. 104.3.1(D) Reinforcement of Branch Connections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\nFig. 104.3.1(G) Reinforced Extruded Outlets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\n104.3.3 Miters. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\n104.3.4 Attachments.
104.4 Closures
104.4.1 General.
104.4.2 Openings in Closures.
104.5 Pressure Design of Flanges and Blanks
104.5.1 Flanges — General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\n104.5.2 Blind Flanges
104.5.3 Blanks
104.6 Reducers
104.7 Other Pressure-Containing Components
104.7.1 Listed Components. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\n104.7.2 Specially Designed Components.
104.8 Analysis of Piping Components
104.8.1 Stress Due to Sustained Loads.
Fig. 104.5.3 Types of Permanent Blanks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\n104.8.2 Stress Due to Occasional Loads.
104.8.3 Stress Due to Displacement Load Ranges.
104.8.4 Moments and Section Modulus
Fig. 104.8.4 Cross Section ResultantMoment Loading <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\nPART 3 SELECTION AND LIMITATIONS OF PIPING COMPONENTS
105 PIPE
105.1 General
105.2 Metallic Pipe
105.2.1 Ferrous Pipe
105.2.2 Nonferrous Pipe
105.3 Nonmetallic Pipe
106 FITTINGS, BENDS, AND INTERSECTIONS
106.1 Fittings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\n106.2 Bends and Intersections
106.3 Pipe Couplings and Unions
106.4 Flexible Metal Hose Assembly
107 VALVES
107.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\n107.2 Marking
107.3 Ends
107.4 Stem Threads
107.5 Bonnet Joints
107.6 Bypasses
107.8 Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices
107.8.1 General.
107.8.2 Pressure-Relieving Valves on Boiler External Piping.
107.8.3 Pressure Relief Requirements on Nonboiler External Piping
107.8.4 Nonmandatory Appendix.
108 PIPE FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, GASKETS, AND BOLTING
108.1 Flanges
108.2 Blanks
108.3 Flange Facings
108.4 Gaskets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\n108.5 U.S. Customary Bolting
108.5.1 General
108.5.2
108.5.3
108.6 Metric Bolting
108.6.1 General.
108.6.2 Responsibilities When Specifying or Allowing Metric Bolting
PART 4 SELECTION AND LIMITATIONS OF PIPING JOINTS
110 PIPING JOINTS
111 WELDED JOINTS
111.1 General
111.2 Butt Welds
111.2.1 Design of Butt Welds.
111.2.2 Backing Rings for Butt Welds. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\n111.3 Socket Welds
111.3.1
111.3.2
111.3.3
111.3.4
111.4 Fillet Welds
111.5 Seal Welds
112 FLANGED JOINTS
113 EXPANDED OR ROLLED JOINTS
114 THREADED JOINTS
114.1
114.2
114.2.1
114.2.2
114.2.3
114.3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\nTable 112 Piping Flange Bolting, Facing, and Gasket Requirements (Refer to Paras. 108, 110, and 112) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\n115 FLARED, FLARELESS, AND COMPRESSION JOINTS, AND UNIONS
115.1 Compatibility
115.2 Pressure-Temperature Ratings
115.3 Threads
115.4 Fitting and Gripping
116 BELL END JOINTS
116.1 Elastomeric-Gasket Joints
116.2 Caulked Joints
117 BRAZED AND SOLDERED JOINTS
117.1 Brazed Joints
117.2 Soldered Joints
Table 114.2.1 Threaded Joints Limitations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\n117.3 Limitations
118 SLEEVE COUPLED AND OTHER PROPRIETARY JOINTS
PART 5 EXPANSION, FLEXIBILITY, AND PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENT
119 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY
119.1 General
119.2 Displacement Stress Range
119.3 Local Overstrain
119.5 Flexibility
119.5.1 Expansion, Swivel, or Ball Joints, and Flexible Metal Hose Assemblies. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\n119.6 Piping Properties
119.6.1 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion.
119.6.2 Moduli of Elasticity.
119.6.3 Poisson\u0152s Ratio.
119.6.4 Stresses.
119.7 Flexibility Analysis
119.7.1 Method of Analysis. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\n119.7.3 Basic Assumptions and Requirements.
119.8 Movements
119.9 Cold Spring
119.10 Reactions
119.10.1 Computing Hot and Cold Reactions.
119.10.2 Reaction Limits. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\n120 LOADS ON PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS
120.1 General
120.2 Supports, Anchors, and Guides
120.2.1 Rigid-Type Supports
120.2.2 Variable and Constant Supports.
120.2.3 Anchors or Guides.
120.2.4 Supplementary Steel.
121 DESIGN OF PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS
121.1 General
121.2 Allowable Stress Values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\n121.3 Temperature Limitations
121.4 Hanger Adjustments
121.5 Hanger Spacing
121.6 Springs
Table 121.5 Suggested Steel Pipe Support Spacing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\n121.7 Fixtures
121.7.1 Anchors and Guides
121.7.2 Other Rigid Types
121.7.3 Variable Supports
121.7.4 Constant Supports. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\n121.7.5 Sway Braces.
121.7.6 Shock Suppressors.
121.8 Structural Attachments
121.8.1 Nonintegral Type
121.8.2 Integral Type
Table 121.7.2(A) Carrying Capacity of Threaded ASTM A36, A575, and A576 Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\n121.9 Loads and Supporting Structures
121.10 Requirements for Fabricating Pipe Supports
PART 6 SYSTEMS
122 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS
122.1 Boiler External Piping; in Accordance With Para. 100.1.2A — Steam, Feedwater, Blowoff, and Drain Piping
122.1.1 General.
122.1.2 Steam Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\n122.1.3 Feedwater Piping
122.1.4 Blowoff and Blowdown Piping. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\n122.1.5 Boiler Drains
122.1.6 Boiler External Piping — Miscellaneous Systems
122.1.7 Valves and Fittings. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nFig. 122.1.7(C) Typical Globe Valves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\n122.2 Blowoff and Blowdown Piping in Nonboiler External Piping
122.3 Instrument, Control, and Sampling Piping
Table 122.2 Design Pressure for Blowoff\/Blowdown Piping Downstream of BEP Valves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\n122.3.1 Materials and Design.
122.3.2 Instrument Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\n122.3.3 Control Piping
122.3.4 Sampling Piping
122.3.6 Fittings and Joints
122.3.7 Special Safety Provisions
122.3.8 Supports.
122.3.9 Installations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\n122.4 Spray-Type Desuperheater Piping for Use on Steam Generators, Main Steam, and Reheat Steam Piping
122.5 Pressure-Reducing Valves
122.5.1 General.
122.5.2 Bypass Valves.
122.5.3 Design of Valves and Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices.
122.6 Pressure Relief Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\n122.6.1 Piping to Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices
122.6.2 Discharge Piping From Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices
Fig. 122.4 Desuperheater Schematic Arrangement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\n122.7 Piping for Flammable or Combustible Liquids
122.7.1 General.
122.7.2 Materials
122.7.3 Piping Joints
122.7.4 Valves and Specialties.
122.8 Piping for Flammable Gases, Toxic Fluids Gases or Liquids, or Nonflammable Nontoxic Gases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\n122.8.1 Flammable Gas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\n122.8.2 Toxic Fluids Gas or Liquid
Table 122.8.2(B) Minimum Wall Thickness Requirements for Toxic Fluid Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\n122.8.3 Nonflammable Nontoxic Gas
122.9 Piping for Corrosive Liquids and Gases
122.10 Temporary Piping Systems
122.11 Steam Trap Piping
122.11.1 Drip Lines.
122.11.2 Discharge Piping. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\n122.12 Exhaust and Pump Suction Piping
122.13 Pump Discharge Piping
122.14 District Heating and Steam Distribution Systems
122.14.1 General.
122.14.2 Alternative Systems. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\nChapter III Materials
123 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
123.1 Materials and Specifications
123.1.1 Listed Materials.
123.1.2 Unlisted Materials.
123.1.3 Unknown Materials.
123.1.5 Size or Thickness.
123.1.6 Marking of Materials or Products. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\n123.1.7 Materials Manufactured to Other Specification Editions.
123.2 Piping Components
123.2.1 General.
123.2.2 Boiler External Piping
123.3 Pipe-Supporting Elements
123.4 Longitudinal-Welded or Spiral-Welded Pipe With Filler Metal Added
124 LIMITATIONS ON MATERIALS
124.1 Temperature Limitations
124.1.1 Upper Temperature Limits.
124.1.2 Lower Temperature Limits
124.2 Steel <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\n124.4 Cast Gray Iron
124.5 Malleable Iron
124.6 Ductile Nodular Iron
124.7 Nonferrous Metals
124.8 Cladding and Lining Materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\n124.9 Nonmetallic Pipe
124.10 Deterioration of Materials in Service
124.11 Gaskets
124.12 Bolting
125 CREEP STRENGTH ENHANCED FERRITIC MATERIALS
125.1 Requirements for ASTM A217 Grade C12A Castings
125.1.1 Required Examinations.
125.1.2 Heat Treatment Requirements
125.1.3 Weld Repair Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\n125.1.4 Overheating Requirements.
125.1.5 Certification Requirements. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nChapter IV Dimensional Requirements
126 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR STANDARD AND NONSTANDARD PIPING COMPONENTS
126.1 Standard Piping Components
126.2 Nonstandard Piping Components
126.3 Referenced Documents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\nTable 126.1 Specifications and Standards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\nChapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection
127 WELDING
127.1 General
127.1.1
127.2 Material
127.2.1 Electrodes and Filler Metal.
127.2.2 Backing Rings.
127.2.3 Consumable Inserts.
127.3 Preparation for Welding <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\n127.4 Procedure
127.4.1 General
127.4.2 Girth Butt Welds
Fig. 127.3 Butt Welding of Piping Components With Internal Misalignment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\nFig. 127.4.2 Welding End Transition \u2014 Maximum Envelope <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\n127.4.3 Longitudinal Butt Welds.
127.4.4 Fillet Welds.
127.4.5 Seal Welds.
127.4.8 Welded Branch Connections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nTable 127.4.2 Reinforcement of Girth and Longitudinal Butt Welds <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\nFig. 127.4.4(A) Fillet Weld Size <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nFig. 127.4.4(B) Welding Details for Slip-On and Socket-Welding Flanges; Some Acceptable Types of Flange Attachment Welds
Fig. 127.4.4(C) Minimum Welding Dimensions Required for Socket Welding Components Other Than Flanges
Fig. 127.4.8(A) Typical Welded Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement
Fig. 127.4.8(B) Typical Welded Branch Connection With Additional Reinforcement
Fig. 127.4.8(C) Typical Welded Angular Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\nFig. 127.4.8(D) Some Acceptable Types of Welded Branch Attachment Details Showing Minimum Acceptable Welds <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\nFig. 127.4.8(E) Some Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\nFig. 127.4.8(F) Typical Full Penetration Weld Branch Connections for NPS 3 (DN 80) and Smaller Half Couplings or Adapters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\n127.4.9 Attachment Welds.
127.4.10 Heat Treatment.
127.4.11 Repair Welding
Fig. 127.4.8(G) Typical Partial Penetration Weld Branch Connection for NPS 2 (DN 50) and Smaller Fittings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\n127.5 Qualification
127.5.1 General.
127.5.2 Welding Responsibility.
127.5.3 Qualification Responsibility
127.5.4 Standard Welding Procedure Specifications.
127.6 Welding Records
128 BRAZING AND SOLDERING
128.1 General
128.1.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\n128.1.2 Soldering.
128.2 Materials
128.2.1 Filler Metal.
128.2.2 Flux.
128.3 Preparation
128.3.1 Surface Preparation.
128.3.2 Joint Clearance.
128.4 Procedure
128.4.1 General
128.4.2 Heating.
128.4.3 Flux Removal.
128.5 Brazing Qualification
128.5.1 General.
128.5.2 Brazing Responsibility.
128.5.3 Qualification Responsibility
128.6 Brazing Records <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\n129 BENDING AND FORMING
129.1 Bending
129.2 Forming
129.3 Heat Treatment of Bends and Formed Components
129.3.1
129.3.2
129.3.3
129.3.3.1
129.3.3.2
129.3.4
129.3.4.1
Table 129.3.1 Approximate Lower Critical Temperatures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\n129.3.4.2
129.3.4.3
129.3.4.4
129.3.4.5
129.3.4.6
129.3.5
129.3.6
Table 129.3.3.1 Post Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\nTable 129.3.4.1 Post Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\n130 REQUIREMENTS FOR FABRICATING AND ATTACHING PIPE SUPPORTS
130.1 Pipe Supports
130.2 Alternate Pipe Supports
130.3 Pipe Support Welds
131 WELDING PREHEAT
131.1 Minimum Preheat Requirements
131.2 Different P-Number Materials
131.3 Preheat Temperature Verification
131.4 Preheat Temperature
131.4.1
131.4.2
131.6 Interruption of Welding
131.6.1
131.6.2
132 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT
132.1 Minimum PWHT Requirements
132.1.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\n132.1.2
132.1.3
132.2 Mandatory PWHT Requirements
Table 131.4.1 Preheat Temperatures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\nTable 132 Postweld Heat Treatment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\n132.3 Exemptions to Mandatory PWHT Requirements
132.3.1
132.3.2
132.3.3
132.4 Definition of Thicknesses Governing PWHT
132.4.1
132.4.2
Table 132.1 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, P-Nos. 1 and 3
Table 132.1.3 Postweld Heat Treatment of P36\/F36 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\nTable 132.2 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\n132.4.3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\n132.5 PWHT Heating and Cooling Requirements
132.6 Furnace Heating
132.7 Local Heating
133 STAMPING
135 ASSEMBLY
135.1 General
135.2 Alignment
135.2.1 Equipment Connections.
135.2.2 Cold Springs.
135.3 Bolted Flanged Connections
135.3.1 Fit Up.
135.3.2 Gasket Compression.
135.3.3 Cast Iron to Steel Joints.
135.3.4 Bolt Engagement.
135.3.5 Nonmetallic Lined Joints. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\n135.4 Packed Joints and Caulked Joints
135.5 Threaded Piping
135.5.1 Thread Compound.
135.5.2 Joints for Seal Welding.
135.5.3 Joints Using Straight Threads.
135.5.4 Backing Off.
135.6 Tubing Joints
135.6.1 Flared.
135.6.2 Flareless and Compression.
135.7 Ductile Iron Bell End Piping
Fig. 135.5.3 Typical Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\nChapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing
136 INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION
136.1 Inspection
136.1.1 General.
136.1.2 Verification of Compliance.
136.1.3 Rights of Inspectors.
136.1.4 Qualifications of the Owner\u0152s Inspector
136.2 Inspection and Qualification of Authorized Inspector for Boiler External Piping
136.2.1
136.2.1.1
136.2.2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\n136.3 Examination
136.3.1 General.
136.3.2 Qualification of NDE Personnel.
136.4 Examination Methods of Welds
136.4.1 Nondestructive Examination.
136.4.2 Visual Examination.
136.4.3 Magnetic Particle Examination. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
129<\/td>\nTable 136.4 Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for Pressure Welds or Welds to Pressure-Retaining Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\n136.4.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination.
Table 136.4.1 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
131<\/td>\n136.4.5 Radiography.
136.4.6 Ultrasonic Examination.
137 PRESSURE TESTS
137.1 General Requirements
137.1.1 Subassemblies.
137.1.2 Temperature of Test Medium.
137.1.3 Personnel Protection.
137.1.4 Maximum Stress During Test. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\n137.1.5 Testing Schedule.
137.2 Preparation for Testing
137.2.1 Exposure of Joints.
137.2.2 Addition of Temporary Supports.
137.2.3 Restraint or Isolation of Expansion Joints.
137.2.4 Isolation of Equipment and Piping Not Subjected to Pressure Test.
137.2.5 Treatment of Flanged Joints Containing Blanks.
137.2.6 Precautions Against Test Medium Expansion.
137.3 Requirements for Specific Piping Systems
137.3.1 Boiler External Piping.
137.3.2 Nonboiler External Piping.
137.4 Hydrostatic Testing
137.4.1 Material.
137.4.2 Provision of Air Vents at High Points.
137.4.3 Test Medium.
137.4.4 Check of Test Equipment Before Applying Pressure.
137.4.5 Required Hydrostatic Test Pressure. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\n137.5 Pneumatic Testing
137.5.1 General.
137.5.2 Test Medium.
137.5.3 Check of Test Equipment Before Applying Pressure.
137.5.4 Preliminary Test.
137.5.5 Required Pneumatic Test Pressure.
137.6 Mass-Spectrometer and Halide Testing
137.6.1
137.6.2
137.7 Initial Service Testing
137.7.1
137.7.2
137.8 Retesting After Repair or Additions
137.8.1
137.8.2
137.8.3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\n137.8.4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\nChapter VII Operation and Maintenance
138 GENERAL
139 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
140 CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF CPS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
136<\/td>\n141 CPS RECORDS
141.1 General
141.2 Materials
141.3 Installation, Modification, and Repair Records
141.4 Failure Analysis
141.5 Restoration After Failure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
137<\/td>\n142 PIPING AND PIPE-SUPPORT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
142.1 Maintenance Program
142.2 Personnel
142.2.1
142.2.2
142.2.3 Welding and Heat Treatment Personnel
142.2.4 Examination, Inspection, and Testing Personnel.
144 CPS WALKDOWNS
145 MATERIAL DEGRADATION MECHANISMS
146 DYNAMIC LOADING <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nMANDATORY APPENDICES
MANDATORY APPENDIX A ALLOWABLE STRESS TABLES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
139<\/td>\nTable A-1 Carbon Steel <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
151<\/td>\nTable A-2 Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
161<\/td>\nTable A-3 Stainless Steels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
191<\/td>\nTable A-4 Nickel and High Nickel Alloys <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
203<\/td>\nTable A-5 Cast Iron <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
205<\/td>\nTable A-6 Copper and Copper Alloys <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
209<\/td>\nTable A-7 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
218<\/td>\nTable A-8 Temperatures 1,200\u00b0F and Above <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
223<\/td>\nTable A-9 Titanium and Titanium Alloys <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
227<\/td>\nTable A-10 Bolts, Nuts, and Studs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
232<\/td>\nMANDATORY APPENDIX B THERMAL EXPANSION DATA <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
233<\/td>\nTable B-1 Thermal Expansion Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
237<\/td>\nTable B-1 (SI) Thermal Expansion Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
241<\/td>\nTable C-1 Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material
MANDATORY APPENDIX C MODULI OF ELASTICITY <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
242<\/td>\nTable C-1 (SI) Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
243<\/td>\nTable C-2 Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
245<\/td>\nTable C-2 (SI) Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
247<\/td>\nTable D-1 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors
MANDATORY APPENDIX D FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
251<\/td>\nFig. D-1 Branch Connection Dimensions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
252<\/td>\nChart D-1 Flexibility Factor, k, and Stress Intensification Factor, i <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
253<\/td>\nChart D-2 Correction Factor, c <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
254<\/td>\nMANDATORY APPENDIX F REFERENCED STANDARDS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
258<\/td>\nMANDATORY APPENDIX G NOMENCLATURE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
265<\/td>\nMANDATORY APPENDIX H PREPARATION OF TECHNICAL INQUIRIES
H-1 INTRODUCTION
H-2 REQUIREMENTS
H-3 SUBMITTAL <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
266<\/td>\nMANDATORY APPENDIX J QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR BOILER EXTERNAL PIPING BEP
FOREWORD
J-1 QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM
J-1.1 General
J-1.1.1 Quality Control System.
J-1.2 Outline of Features to Be Included in the Written Description of the Quality Control System
J-1.2.1 Authority and Responsibility.
J-1.2.2 Organization.
J-1.2.3 Drawings, Design Calculations, and Specification Control.
J-1.2.4 Material Control. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
267<\/td>\nJ-1.2.5 Examination and Inspection Program.
J-1.2.6 Correction of Nonconformities.
J-1.2.7 Welding.
J-1.2.8 Nondestructive Examination.
J-1.2.9 Heat Treatment.
J-1.2.10 Calibration of Measurement and Test Equipment.
J-1.2.11 Records Retention.
J-1.2.12 Sample Forms.
J-1.2.13 Inspection of Boilers and Boiler Parts
J-1.2.13.1
J-1.2.13.2
J-1.2.13.2.1
J-1.2.13.2.2
J-1.2.14 Inspection of Pressure-Relieving Valves
J-1.2.14.1
J-1.2.14.2
J-1.2.14.2.1
J-1.2.14.2.2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
268<\/td>\nMANDATORY APPENDIX N RULES FOR NONMETALLIC PIPING AND PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS
FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
269<\/td>\nChapter N-I Scope and Definitions
N-100 GENERAL
N-100.1 Scope
N-100.1.1
N-100.1.2
N-100.1.3
N-100.2 Definitions and Abbreviations
N-100.2.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
270<\/td>\nN-100.2.2 Abbreviations. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
271<\/td>\nChapter N-II Design
PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA
N-101 DESIGN CONDITIONS
N-101.1 General
N-101.1.1
N-101.1.2
N-101.2 Pressure
N-101.2.1 Basis for Design Pressure.
N-101.3 Temperature
N-101.3.1 Basis for Design Temperature.
N-101.3.2 Temperature Gradient Through Wall.
N-102 DESIGN CRITERIA
N-102.1 General
N-102.2 Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Components
N-102.2.1 Components Having Specific Ratings
N-102.2.2 Components Not Having Specific Ratings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
272<\/td>\nTable N-102.2.1(A)-1 Hydrostatic Design Stresses (HDS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for Thermoplastic Piping Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
273<\/td>\nTable N-102.2.1(A)-2 Design Stresses (DS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for Laminated Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
274<\/td>\nTable N-102.2.1(A)-3 Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) for Machine-Made Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
275<\/td>\nN-102.2.3 Ratings: Normal Operating Condition.
N-102.2.4 Allowances for Pressure and Temperature Variations
N-102.2.5 Ratings at Transitions.
N-102.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Limits
N-102.3.1 Allowable Stress Values
N-102.3.2 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Sustained Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
276<\/td>\nN-102.3.3 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Occasional Loads
N-102.4 Allowances
PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS
N-103 CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE DESIGN
N-104 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS
N-104.1 Straight Pipe
N-104.1.1
N-104.1.2 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
277<\/td>\nN-104.1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pressure
N-104.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe
N-104.3 Intersections
N-104.3.1 Branch Connections
N-104.4 Closures
N-104.5 Pressure Design of Flanges <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
278<\/td>\nN-104.6 Reducers
N-104.7 Design of Other Components
N-104.7.1 Listed Components.
N-104.7.2 Unlisted Components and Products.
PART 3 SELECTION OF PIPING COMPONENTS
N-105 PIPE
N-106 FITTINGS
N-106.1 Listed Fittings
N-106.2 Unlisted Fittings
N-107 VALVES
N-107.1 Listed Valves
N-107.2 Unlisted Valves
PART 4 SELECTION AND LIMITATIONS OF PIPING JOINTS
N-110 GENERAL
N-111 BONDED JOINTS
N-111.1 General Limitations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
279<\/td>\nN-111.2 Specific Limitations
N-111.2.1 Hot Gas Welded Joints.
N-111.2.2 Butt-and-Wrapped Joints.
N-112 FLANGED JOINTS
N-113 EXPANDED OR ROLLED JOINTS
N-114 THREADED JOINTS
N-114.1 General Limitations
N-114.1.1
N-114.1.2
N-114.1.3
N-114.1.4
N-114.1.5
N-114.2 Specific Limitations
N-114.2.1 Thermoplastic Piping.
N-114.2.2 Thermosetting Resin Piping.
N-115 FLARED LINING JOINTS FOR METALLIC PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS
N-116 BELL END JOINTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
280<\/td>\nN-118 PROPRIETARY JOINTS
PART 5 EXPANSION, FLEXIBILITY, AND PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS
N-119 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY
N-119.1 General Concepts
N-119.1.1 Elastic Behavior.
N-119.1.2 Overstrained Behavior.
N-119.1.3 Progressive Failure.
N-119.1.4 Brittle Failure.
N-119.5 Flexibility
N-119.5.1
N-119.5.2
N-119.5.3
N-119.6 Properties for Flexibility Analysis
N-119.6.1 Thermal Expansion Data.
N-119.6.2 Modulus of Elasticity.
N-119.6.3 Poisson\u0152s Ratio.
N-119.6.4 Dimensions.
N-119.6.5 Metallic Pipe Lined With Nonmetals. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
281<\/td>\nTable N-119.6.1 Thermal Expansion Coefficients, Nonmetals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
282<\/td>\nTable N-119.6.2 Modulus of Elasticity, Nonmetals
N-119.7 Analysis
N-119.7.1
N-119.7.2
N-119.7.3
N-120 LOADS ON PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS
N-121 DESIGN OF PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS
N-121.1 General
N-121.1.1
N-121.1.2
N-121.1.3
N-121.1.4
N-121.11 Thermoplastic and RTR Piping
N-121.12 Burial of Thermoplastic and RTR Pipe
N-121.12.1 Design. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
283<\/td>\nN-121.12.2 Installation.
PART 6 SYSTEMS
N-122 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS
N-122.7 Piping for Flammable or Combustible Liquids
N-122.7.1
N-122.8 Piping for Flammable Gases, Toxic Gases or Liquids, or Nonflammable Nontoxic Gases
N-122.8.1
N-122.9 Piping for Corrosive Liquids and Gases
N-122.9.1
N-122.9.2
N-122.9.3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
284<\/td>\nChapter N-III Materials
N-123 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
N-123.1 Materials and Specifications
N-123.1.1 Listed Materials.
N-123.1.2 Unlisted Materials.
N-123.1.3 Unknown Materials.
N-124 LIMITATIONS ON MATERIALS
N-124.1 Temperature Limitations
N-124.1.1 Thermoplastic Piping Components.
N-124.1.2 Laminated Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping Components.
N-124.1.3 Machine-Made Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe.
N-124.1.4 Notes for Tables N-102.2.1A-1, N\u00c3102.2.1A-2, and N-102.2.1A-3.
N-124.1.5 Upper Temperature Limitations
N-124.1.6 Lower Temperature Limitations
N-124.9 Installation Limitations for Nonmetallic Piping
N-124.9.1 General
N-124.9.2 Thermoplastics
N-124.9.3 Reinforced Thermosetting Resins RTR Piping. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
285<\/td>\nN-124.9.4 Reinforced Plastic Mortar RPM Piping.
N-125 MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS: JOINING AND AUXILIARY MATERIALS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
286<\/td>\nChapter N-IV Specifications and Standard Data
N-126 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS
N-126.1 Standard Piping Components
N-126.2 Nonstandard Piping Components
N-126.3 Reference Documents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
287<\/td>\nTable N-126.1 Nonmetallic Material and Product Standards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
289<\/td>\nChapter N-V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection
N-127 BONDING PLASTIC JOINTS
N-127.1 General
N-127.1.1
N-127.1.2
N-127.1.3
N-127.1.4
N-127.1.5
N-127.1.6
N-127.1.7 Joint Identification.
N-127.5 Qualification
N-127.5.1 General.
N-127.5.2 Bonding Responsibility.
N-127.5.3 Qualification by Others <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
290<\/td>\nFig. N-127.7.1(B) Solvent-Cemented Joint
N-127.6 Qualification Records
N-127.7 Thermoplastic Pipe Joints
N-127.7.1 Solvent-Cemented Joints
N-127.7.2 Heat and Fusion Joints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
291<\/td>\nFig. N-127.7.2(B) Heat Fusion Joints
N-127.7.3 Electrofusion Joints
N-127.7.4 Repair of Defects.
N-127.8 FRP Pipe Joints
N-127.8.1 Thermosetting Resin Joints
N-127.8.2 Repair of Defects.
N-127.9 Welding of Metallic Piping Lined With Nonmetals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
292<\/td>\nFig. N-127.7.3(B) Thermoplastic Electrofusion Joints
Fig. N-127.8.1(B) Thermosetting Resin Joints
N-129 BENDING AND FORMING
N-129.1 Bending
N-129.1.1 Pipe Bending.
N-129.1.2 Bending Methods.
N-129.2 Component Forming
N-135 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION
N-135.1 General
N-135.3 Bolted Flanged Connections
N-135.3.5 Flaring of Nonmetallic Linings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
294<\/td>\nChapter N-VI Examination, Inspection, and Testing
N-136 GENERAL
N-136.1 Inspection
N-136.3 Examination
N-136.3.1 General.
N-136.3.2 Qualification of NDE Personnel.
N-136.3.3 Extent of Required Examination.
N-136.4 Examination Methods
N-136.4.1 Nondestructive Examination <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
295<\/td>\nTable N-136.4.1(B) Acceptance Criteria for Bonds
N-136.4.2 Visual Examination
N-137 PRESSURE TESTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
296<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDICES
NONMANDATORY APPENDICES
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX II RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF SAFETY VALVE INSTALLATIONS1
FOREWORD
II-1 SCOPE AND DEFINITION
II-1.1 Scope
II-1.2 Definitions Valve Descriptions Follow the Definitions Given in Section I of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
297<\/td>\nII-2 LOADS
II-2.1 Thermal Expansion
II-2.1.1 Installations With Open Discharge.
II-2.1.2 Installations With Closed Discharge.
II-2.2 Pressure
II-2.2.1 Design Pressure and Velocity for Open Discharge Installation Discharge Elbows and Vent Pipes. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
298<\/td>\nFig. II-1.2(A) Safety Valve Installation (Open Discharge System) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
299<\/td>\nFig. II-1.2(B) Safety Valve Installation (Closed Discharge System) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
300<\/td>\nFig. II-2-1 Discharge Elbow (Open Discharge Installation)
Table II-2.2.1 Values of a and b <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
301<\/td>\nChart II-1 Compressible Flow Analysis
II-2.2.2 Pressure for Closed Discharge Installations. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
302<\/td>\nFig. II-2-2 Vent Pipe (Open Discharge Installation)
II-2.3 Reaction Forces From Valve Discharge <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
303<\/td>\nII-2.3.1 Reaction Forces With Open Discharge Systems
II-2.3.1.1 Discharge Elbow.
II-2.3.1.2 Vent Pipe.
II-2.3.2 Reaction Forces With Closed Discharge Systems.
II-2.4 Other Mechanical Loads
II-2.4.1
II-2.4.2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
304<\/td>\nII-3 BENDING MOMENT COMPUTATIONS
II-3.1 General
II-3.2 Thermal Expansion Analysis
II-3.3 Deadweight Analysis
II-3.4 Earthquake Analysis
II-3.5 Analysis for Reaction Forces Due to Valve Discharge
II-3.5.1 Open Discharge Systems
II-3.5.1.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
305<\/td>\nII-3.5.1.2 Multiple Valve Arrangements.
II-3.5.1.3 Dynamic Amplification of Reaction Forces.
II-3.5.1.4 Valve Cycling.
II-3.5.1.5 Time-History Analysis.
II-3.5.2 Closed Discharge Systems.
II-3.5.3 Water Seals.
II-4 LOADING CRITERIA AND STRESS COMPUTATION
II-4.1 Loading Criteria <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
306<\/td>\nFig. II-3-1 Safety Valve Installation (Open Discharge System) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
307<\/td>\nFig. II-3-2 Dynamic Load Factors for Open Discharge System
II-4.2 Stress Calculations
II-4.2.1 Pressure Stresses.
II-4.2.2 Pressure Plus Bending Stresses.
II-4.2.2.1 Additive Stresses at Branch Connection. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
308<\/td>\nII-4.2.2.2 Additive Stresses in Inlet Pipe.
II-4.2.3 Analysis of Flange.
II-4.2.4 Analysis of Valve.
II-5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
II-5.1 General
II-5.2 Geometry
II-5.2.1 Locations of Safety Valve Installations.
II-5.2.2 Spacing of Safety Valve Installation.
II-5.3 Types of Valves and Installations
II-5.3.1 Installations With Single Outlet Valves.
II-5.3.2 Installations With Double Outlet Valves. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
309<\/td>\nII-5.3.3 Multiple Installations.
II-5.4 Installation Branch Connections
II-5.5 Water in Installation Piping
II-5.5.1 Drainage of Discharge Piping.
II-5.5.2 Water Seals.
II-5.6 Discharge Stacks
II-5.7 Support Design
II-5.7.1 Pipe Supports.
II-5.7.2 Snubbers. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
310<\/td>\nII-5.8 Silencer Installation
II-6 SAMPLE DESIGNS
II-7 SAMPLE PROBLEM SEE FIG. II-7-1 AND FIG. II\u00c37\u00c32
II-7.1 Procedure
II-7.1.1 Pressure and Velocity at Discharge Elbow Exit Para. II-2.2.1
II-7.1.2 Discharge Elbow Maximum Operating Pressure.
II-7.1.3 Reaction Force at Discharge Elbow Exit. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
311<\/td>\nFig. II-6-1 Examples of Safety Valve Installations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
312<\/td>\nFig. II-7-1 Sample Problem Figure 1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
313<\/td>\nFig. II-7-2 Sample Problem Figure 2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
314<\/td>\nII-7.1.4 Bending Moments at Points 1 and 2
II-7.1.5 Stress Intensification Factors at Points 1 and 2
II-7.1.6 Predicted Stresses at Points 1 and 2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
315<\/td>\nII-7.1.7 Calculate the Maximum Operating Pressure for Vent Pipe
II-7.1.8 Check for Blowback From Vent Pipe.
II-7.1.9 Calculate Forces and Moments on Vent Pipe Anchor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
316<\/td>\nFig. II-7-3 Sample Problem Figure 3
II-7.1.10 Conclusion. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
317<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX IV CORROSION CONTROL FOR ASME B31.1 POWER PIPING SYSTEMS
FOREWORD
IV-1 GENERAL
IV-1.1 Recommended Guidance
IV-1.2 Protection of All Piping Systems
IV-2 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR BURIED OR SUBMERGED PIPELINES
IV-2.1 General
IV-2.1.1
IV-2.1.2
IV-2.2 Protective Coating
IV-2.2.1
IV-2.2.2
IV-2.2.3
IV-2.2.4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
318<\/td>\nIV-2.2.5
IV-2.2.6
IV-2.3 Cathodic Protection System
IV-2.3.1
IV-2.3.2
IV-2.3.3
IV-2.4 Electrical Isolation
IV-2.4.1
IV-2.4.2
IV-2.4.3
IV-2.4.4
IV-2.4.5
IV-2.5 Electrical Interference
IV-2.5.1
IV-2.5.2
IV-2.5.3
IV-3 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL
IV-3.1 General
IV-3.2 Inhibitors
IV-3.3 Linings
IV-3.4 Precautions at Hydrotesting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
319<\/td>\nTable IV-5.2 Erosion\/Corrosion Rates
IV-4 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR PIPING EXPOSED TO THE ATMOSPHERE
IV-5 MONITORING OF PIPE WALL THINNING DUE TO EROSION\/CORROSION
IV-5.1 Definition
IV-5.2 Systems and Components Susceptible to Erosion\/Corrosion
IV-5.3 Methods of Detection
IV-5.4 Acceptance Standards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
320<\/td>\nIV-5.5 Repair\/Replacement Procedures
IV-5.6 References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
321<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX V RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION OF POWER PIPING SYSTEMS
FOREWORD
V-1 DEFINITIONS1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
322<\/td>\nV-2 GENERAL
V-2.1 Application
V-2.1.1
V-2.1.2
V-2.2 Conformance
V-2.2.1
V-2.3 Requirements
V-2.3.1
V-3 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAM
V-3.1 General
V-3.2 Documentation
V-4 REQUIREMENTS OF THE OPERATING, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION PROCEDURES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
323<\/td>\nV-5 PIPING AND PIPE SUPPORT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
V-5.1 Maintenance Program
V-5.1.1
V-5.2 Personnel
V-5.2.1
V-6 MATERIAL RESTORATION
V-6.1 Material Condition After Failure
V-6.1.1
V-6.1.2
V-6.1.3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
324<\/td>\nV-6.1.4
V-6.2 Inspection Program for Materials With Adverse History
V-6.2.1
V-6.2.2
V-6.2.3
V-6.3 Nondestructive Examination
V-7 CPS POSITION HISTORY
V-7.1 General
V-7.1.1
V-7.1.2
V-7.1.3
V-7.2 Visual Survey
V-7.3 Piping Position Markers
V-7.3.1
V-7.3.2
V-7.4 Pipe Supports on CPS
V-7.4.1
V-7.4.2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
325<\/td>\nV-7.5 CPS Records
V-7.6 Recommendations
V-8 PIPING CORROSION
V-8.1 General
V-8.1.1
V-8.1.2
V-8.1.3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
326<\/td>\nForms
Form V-7.5(A) Piping System Support Design Details <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
327<\/td>\nForm V-7.5(B) Hot Walkdown of Piping System Supports <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
328<\/td>\nForm V-7.5(C) Cold Walkdown of Piping System Supports <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
329<\/td>\nV-8.2 Procedures
V-8.2.1
V-8.2.2
V-8.2.3
V-8.3 Records
V-8.3.1
V-8.3.2
V-8.3.3
V-8.4 Examination of Records
V-8.4.1
V-8.4.2
V-8.5 Frequency of Examination
V-8.5.1
V-8.5.2
V-8.5.3
V-8.5.4
V-9 PIPING ADDITION TO EXISTING PLANTS
V-9.1 Piping Classification
V-9.2 Duplicate Components
V-9.3 Replacement Piping and Piping Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
330<\/td>\nV-10 PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES
V-10.1 General
V-10.2 Inspection, Testing, and Adjustment
V-10.2.1
V-10.2.2
V-10.3 Operation
V-11 DYNAMIC LOADING
V-11.1 Water Hammer
V-11.1.1
V-11.1.2
V-11.1.3
V-11.1.4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
331<\/td>\nV-11.2 Steam Hammer
V-12 CREEP
V-12.1 General
V-12.1.1
V-12.1.2
V-12.1.3
V-12.2 Procedures
V-12.2.1
V-12.2.2
V-12.3 Records
V-12.4 Examination of Records
V-12.4.1
V-12.4.2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
332<\/td>\nFig. V-12.1.2 Effect of Various Steady Operating Temperatures on Time to Failure Due to Creep
V-12.5 Frequency of Examination
V-13 RERATING PIPING SYSTEMS
V-13.1 Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
333<\/td>\nV-14 REPAIR OF PIPING SYSTEMS
V-14.1 Guidance for Repairs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
334<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX VI APPROVAL OF NEW MATERIALS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
336<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX VII PROCEDURES FOR THE DESIGN OF RESTRAINED UNDERGROUND PIPING
FOREWORD
VII-1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
VII-1.1 Scope
VII-1.2 Definitions
VII-1.3 Nomenclature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
337<\/td>\nVII-2 LOADS
VII-2.1 Thermal Expansion
VII-2.1.1 Installations With Continuous Runs.
VII-2.1.2 Installations With Flexible Couplings.
VII-2.1.3 Installations With Penetration Anchors.
VII-2.1.4 Installations With Flexible Penetrations.
VII-2.2 Pressure
VII-2.2.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
338<\/td>\nVII-2.2.2
VII-2.3 Earthquake
VII-3 CALCULATIONS
VII-3.1 Assembling the Data
VII-3.1.1 Pipe Data
VII-3.1.2 Soil Characteristics
VII-3.1.3 Operating Conditions
VII-3.2 Calculations of Intermediate Parameters
VII-3.2.1 Maximum Relative Strain, epsilon, at the Pipe\/Soil Interface, in.\/in.
VII-3.2.2 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction, k, psi.
VII-3.2.3 Unit Friction Force at the Pipe\/Soil Interface, f <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
339<\/td>\nTable VII-3.2.3 Approximate Safe Working Values of CD for Use in Modified Marston Formula
VII-3.2.4 Pipe\/Soil System Characteristic 2
VII-3.2.5 Minimum Slippage Length, Lm 1
VII-3.2.6 Maximum Axial Force, Fmax, in the Longitudinal Pipe Run.
VII-3.3 Classification of the Pipe Runs
VII-3.3.1 Purpose.
VII-3.3.2 Classification of the Pipe Elements. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
340<\/td>\nFig. VII-3.3.2-1 Element Category A, Elbow or Bend
Fig. VII-3.3.2-2 Element Category B, Branch Pipe Joining the P Leg
Fig. VII-3.3.2-3 Element Category C, Tee on End of P Leg
Fig. VII-3.3.2-4 Element Category D, Straight Pipe <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
341<\/td>\nVII-3.3.4 Locating the Virtual Anchor.
VII-4 COMPUTER MODELING OF BURIED PIPING
VII-4.1 Determination of Stresses
VII-4.2 Determination of Element Lengths
VII-4.2.1
VII-4.2.2
VII-4.2.3
VII-4.2.4
VII-4.3 Determination of Soil Parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
342<\/td>\nFig. VII-5 Plan of Example Buried Pipe
VII-4.4 Pipe With Expansion Joints
VII-4.5 Pipe Stresses at Building Penetrations
VII-5 ALLOWABLE STRESS IN BURIED PIPE
VII-6 EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
VII-6.1 Assemble the Data
VII-6.1.1 Pipe Data
VII-6.1.2 Soil Characteristics
VII-6.1.3 Operating Conditions
VII-6.2 Calculate the Intermediate Parameters
VII-6.2.1 Relative Strain at the Pipe\/Soil Interface. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
343<\/td>\nVII-6.2.2 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction, k 8.
VII-6.2.3 Friction Forces Per Unit Length Acting at the Pipe\/Soil Interface
VII-6.2.4 Pipe\/Soil System Characteristic, beta 2
VII-6.2.5 Minimum Slippage Length, Lm
VII-6.2.6 Maximum Axial Force, Fmax, Corresponding to Lm
VII-6.3 Classification of Runs
VII-6.3.1
VII-6.3.2
VII-6.3.3 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
344<\/td>\nTable VII-6.3 Equations for Calculating Effective Length L\u2032 or L\u2033
VII-6.4 Computer Modeling
VII-6.4.1 Element Length.
VII-6.4.2 Number of Elements.
VII-6.4.3 Spring Rate, ki,j.
VII-6.4.4 Friction Force, Ff. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
345<\/td>\nFig. VII-6.4.4 Computer Model of Example Pipe
Fig. VII-6.6 Example Plan of Element 1 as a Category D Element
VII-6.5 Results of Analysis
VII-6.6 Anchor Load Example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
346<\/td>\nVII-7 REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
347<\/td>\nNONMANDATORY APPENDIX VIII GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING IF LOW-TEMPERATURE SERVICE REQUIREMENTS APPLY <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
348<\/td>\nTable VIII-1 Low-Temperature Service Requirements by Material Group <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
350<\/td>\nTable VIII-2 Material Groupings by Material Specification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
356<\/td>\nINDEX <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
365<\/td>\n How can you reach us? It\u0152s easier than ever! <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ASME B31.1 – 2016: Power Piping<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASME<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2016<\/td>\n366<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":155177,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2643],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-155176","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-asme","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/155176","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/155177"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=155176"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=155176"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=155176"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}