2006 ASHRAE Handbook Refrigeration TOC
$46.15
ASHRAE Refrigeration Handbook
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASHRAE | 2006 | 649 |
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | R06_CH01_I-P Terminology Advantages and Disadvantages Overfeed System Operation Mechanical Pump |
| 2 | Gas Pump Refrigerant Distribution |
| 3 | Oil in System Circulating Rate |
| 4 | Pump Selection and Installation Types of Pumps |
| 5 | Installing and Connecting Mechanical Pumps Controls Evaporator Design Considerations |
| 6 | Top Feed Versus Bottom Feed Refrigerant Charge Start-Up and Operation Operating Costs and Efficiency Line Sizing |
| 7 | Low-Pressure Receiver Sizing |
| 8 | References |
| 9 | Bibliography |
| 10 | R06_CH02_I-P Piping Basic Principles Refrigerant Flow Refrigerant Line Velocities Refrigerant Flow Rates |
| 11 | Refrigerant Line Sizing Pressure Drop Considerations |
| 14 | Location and Arrangement of Piping Protection Against Damage to Piping Piping Insulation Vibration and Noise in Piping |
| 19 | Refrigerant Line Capacity Tables Equivalent Lengths of Valves and Fittings Oil Management in Refrigerant Lines |
| 28 | Discharge (Hot-Gas) Lines |
| 30 | Defrost Gas Supply Lines Receivers |
| 32 | Air-Cooled Condensers |
| 33 | Piping at Multiple Compressors Suction Piping |
| 34 | Discharge Piping Interconnection of Crankcases Piping at Various System Components Flooded Fluid Coolers |
| 35 | Refrigerant Feed Devices Direct-Expansion Fluid Chillers |
| 36 | Direct-Expansion Air Coils |
| 37 | Flooded Evaporators Refrigeration Accessories Liquid-Suction Heat Exchangers |
| 38 | Two-Stage Subcoolers |
| 39 | Discharge Line Oil Separators Surge Drums or Accumulators |
| 40 | Compressor Floodback Protection Refrigerant Driers and Moisture Indicators Strainers |
| 41 | Liquid Indicators Oil Receivers Purge Units Head Pressure Control for Refrigerant Condensers Water-Cooled Condensers Condenser-Water-Regulating Valves Water Bypass Evaporative Condensers |
| 42 | Air-Cooled Condensers Keeping Liquid from Crankcase During Off Cycles Automatic Pumpdown Control (Direct-Expansion Air-Cooling Systems) |
| 43 | Crankcase Oil Heater (Direct-Expansion Systems) Control for Direct-Expansion Water Chillers Effect of Short Operating Cycle Hot-Gas Bypass Arrangements Full (100%) Unloading for Starting Full (100%) Unloading for Capacity Control |
| 44 | Safety Requirements References |
| 45 | R06_Ch03_I-P Ammonia Ammonia Refrigerant for HVAC Systems System Selection Single-Stage Systems Economized Systems Multistage Systems |
| 46 | Equipment Compressors Condensers Evaporators |
| 47 | Vessels |
| 50 | Lubricant Management Controls Liquid Feed Control Controlling Load During Pulldown |
| 51 | Operation at Varying Loads and Temperatures Electronic Control Piping Recommended Material Fittings Pipe Joints |
| 52 | Pipe Location Pipe Sizing Valves |
| 54 | Isolated Line Sections Insulation and Vapor Retarders Reciprocating Compressors Piping |
| 55 | Cooling |
| 56 | Rotary Vane, Low-Stage Compressors Piping Cooling Screw Compressors Piping Lubricant Cooling |
| 58 | Condenser and Receiver Piping |
| 59 | Horizontal Shell-and-Tube Condenser and Through-Type Receiver Parallel Horizontal Shell-and-Tube Condensers Evaporative Condensers Location |
| 60 | Installation |
| 62 | Evaporator Piping |
| 63 | Unit Cooler-Flooded Operation High-Side Float Control |
| 64 | Low-Side Float Control Multistage Systems Two-Stage Screw Compressor System |
| 65 | Converting Single-Stage into Two-Stage Systems Liquid Recirculation Systems |
| 66 | Hot-Gas Defrost |
| 68 | Double Riser Designs for Large Evaporator Coils |
| 69 | Safety Considerations |
| 70 | Carbon Dioxide |
| 71 | References Bibliography |
| 72 | R06_CH04_I-P Coolant Selection Load Versus Flow Rate Pumping Cost Performance Comparisons |
| 73 | Other Considerations Design Considerations Piping and Control Valves Storage Tanks |
| 74 | Expansion Tanks |
| 75 | Pulldown Time |
| 76 | System Costs Corrosion Prevention Applications |
| 77 | References |
| 78 | R06_CH05_I-P Refrigerants Environmental Acceptability Compositional Groups |
| 81 | Refrigerant Analysis Flammability and Combustibility Chemical Reactions Halocarbons |
| 82 | Ammonia Lubricants |
| 83 | Lubricant Additives |
| 84 | System Reactions Copper Plating |
| 85 | Contaminant Generation by High Temperature Compatibility of Materials Electrical Insulation |
| 87 | Elastomers Plastics Chemical Evaluation Techniques Sealed-Tube Material Tests Component Tests System Tests |
| 88 | Refrigerant Database and ARTI/MCLR Research Projects References |
| 91 | Bibliography |
| 92 | R06_CH06_I-P Moisture Sources of Moisture Effects of Moisture |
| 93 | Drying Methods |
| 94 | Moisture Indicators Moisture Measurement Desiccants |
| 96 | Desiccant Applications |
| 97 | Driers Drier Selection Testing and Rating Other Contaminants Metallic Contaminants and Dirt |
| 98 | Organic Contaminants: Sludge, Wax, and Tars Residual Cleaning Agents Noncondensable Gases |
| 99 | Motor Burnouts Field Assembly System Cleanup Procedure After Hermetic Motor Burnout Procedure |
| 100 | Special System Characteristics and Procedures Contaminant Control During Retrofit |
| 101 | Chiller Decontamination References |
| 102 | Bibliography |
| 103 | R06_CH07_I-P Tests for Boundary and Mixed Lubrication |
| 104 | Refrigeration Lubricant Requirements Mineral Oil Composition and Component Characteristics |
| 105 | Component Characteristics Synthetic Lubricants |
| 106 | Lubricant Additives |
| 107 | Lubricant Properties Viscosity and Viscosity Grades Viscosity Index |
| 108 | Density |
| 109 | Relative Molecular Mass Pour Point Volatility: Flash and Fire Points Vapor Pressure Aniline Point Solubility of Refrigerants in Oils |
| 110 | Lubricant/Refrigerant Solutions Density |
| 111 | Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena Pressure/Temperature/Solubility Relations |
| 113 | Mutual Solubility |
| 114 | Effects of Partial Miscibility in Refrigerant Systems Solubility Curves and Miscibility Diagrams |
| 115 | Effect of Lubricant Type on Solubility and Miscibility Miscibility of R-22 with Lubricants Solubilities and Viscosities of Lubricant/Refrigerant Solutions |
| 120 | Lubricant Return from Evaporators |
| 122 | Wax Separation (Floc Tests) |
| 123 | Solubility of Hydrocarbon Gases |
| 124 | Lubricants for Carbon Dioxide |
| 128 | Solubility of Water in Lubricants Solubility of Air in Lubricants Foaming and Antifoam Agents Oxidation Resistance |
| 129 | Chemical Stability Effect of Lubricant Type Conversion from CFC Refrigerants to Other Refrigerants Choice of Refrigerant Lubricants Flushing |
| 130 | References |
| 132 | R06_Ch08_I-P Emissions Types Design Installation Servicing and Decommissioning |
| 133 | Training Leak Detection Global Detection Local Detection Automated Performance Monitoring Systems Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation Installation and Service Practices Contaminants |
| 134 | Recovery Recycling |
| 135 | Equipment Standards |
| 136 | Special Considerations and Equipment for Handling Multiple Refrigerants Reclamation Purity Standards References |
| 137 | Bibliography |
| 138 | R06_CH09_I-P Thermal Properties of Food Constituents Thermal Properties of Foods |
| 139 | Water Content Initial Freezing Point Ice Fraction |
| 143 | Density Specific Heat |
| 144 | Unfrozen Food Frozen Food Enthalpy |
| 145 | Unfrozen Food Frozen Foods |
| 146 | Thermal Conductivity |
| 154 | Thermal Diffusivity |
| 155 | Heat of Respiration |
| 156 | Transpiration of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables |
| 162 | Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient Evaluation of Thermophysical Property Models |
| 165 | Symbols References |
| 169 | R06_CH10_I-P Thermodynamics of Cooling and Freezing Cooling Times of Foods and Beverages Cooling Time Estimation Methods Based on f and j Factors |
| 170 | Determination of f and j Factors for Slabs, Cylinders, and Spheres |
| 171 | Determination of f and j Factors for Irregular Shapes |
| 172 | Cooling Time Estimation Methods Based on Equivalent Heat Transfer Dimensionality |
| 173 | Algorithms for Estimating Cooling Time Sample Problems for Estimating Cooling Time |
| 175 | Freezing Times of Foods and Beverages Plank’s Equation Modifications to Plank’s Equation |
| 176 | Precooling, Phase Change, and Subcooling Time Calculations |
| 177 | Geometric Considerations |
| 180 | Evaluation of Freezing Time Estimation Methods Algorithms for Freezing Time Estimation |
| 181 | Sample Problems for Estimating Freezing Time |
| 182 | Symbols |
| 183 | References |
| 185 | R06_Ch11_I-P Refrigerated Storage Cooling Deterioration Desiccation |
| 194 | Refrigerated Storage Plant Operation Checking Temperatures and Humidity Air Circulation Sanitation and Air Purification |
| 195 | Removal of Produce from Storage Storage of Frozen Foods Other Products Beer Canned Foods Dried Foods Furs and Fabrics Honey |
| 196 | Maple Syrup Nursery Stock and Cut Flowers |
| 197 | Popcorn Vegetable Seeds References Bibliography |
| 198 | R06_CH12_I-P Basic Microbiology Sources of Microorganisms Microbial Growth Critical Microbial Growth Requirements |
| 199 | Intrinsic Factors Extrinsic Factors |
| 200 | Biological Diversity Design for Control of Microorganisms Contamination Prevention |
| 201 | Growth Prevention Destruction of Organisms The Role of HACCP Sanitation |
| 202 | Regulations and Standards Bibliography |
| 203 | R06_CH13_I-P Transmission Load |
| 204 | Heat Gain from Cooler Floors |
| 205 | Product Load Internal Load |
| 206 | Infiltration Air Load Infiltration by Air Exchange |
| 208 | Infiltration by Direct Flow Through Doorways Sensible and Latent Heat Components Equipment Related Load |
| 209 | Safety Factor |
| 210 | Load Diversity References Bibliography |
| 211 | R06_CH14_I-P Initial Building Considerations Location Configuration and Size Determination |
| 212 | Stacking Arrangement Building Design One-Story Configuration |
| 213 | Shipping and Receiving Docks Utility Space Specialized Storage Facilities Controlled-Atmosphere Storage Rooms |
| 214 | Automated Warehouses Refrigerated Rooms Construction Methods |
| 215 | Space Adjacent to Envelope Air/Vapor Treatment at Junctions Floor Construction |
| 216 | Surface Preparation Finishes Suspended Ceilings and Other Interstitial Spaces Floor Drains Electrical Wiring Tracking Cold-Storage Doors |
| 217 | Hardware Refrigerated Docks Schneider System Refrigeration Systems Types of Refrigeration Systems Choice of Refrigerant |
| 218 | Load Determination Unit Cooler Selection |
| 220 | Freezers |
| 221 | Controls |
| 222 | Insulation Techniques Vapor Retarder System Types of Insulation |
| 223 | Insulation Thickness Applying Insulation Roofs Walls Floors |
| 224 | Freezer Doorways Doors |
| 225 | Other Considerations Temperature Pulldown Material-Handling Equipment Fire Protection |
| 226 | Inspection and Maintenance References Bibliography |
| 227 | R06_CH15_I-P Product Requirements Calculation Methods Heat Load |
| 228 | Precooling Time Estimation Methods Fractional Unaccomplished Temperature Difference Half-Cooling Time |
| 229 | Cooling Coefficient Other Semianalytical/Empirical Precooling Time Estimation Methods Numerical Techniques Cooling Methods Hydrocooling |
| 230 | Types of Hydrocoolers |
| 231 | Variations on Hydrocooling |
| 232 | Hydrocooler Efficiency Hydrocooling Water Treatment Forced-Air Cooling |
| 233 | Commercial Methods Effects of Containers and Stacking Patterns Moisture Loss in Forced-Air Cooling |
| 234 | Computer Solution Forced-Air Evaporative Cooling Package Icing |
| 235 | Vacuum Cooling Pressure, Volume, and Temperature Commercial Systems |
| 236 | Applications |
| 237 | Selecting a Cooling Method Cooling Cut Flowers Symbols |
| 238 | References |
| 239 | Bibliography |
| 240 | R06_CH16_I-P Freezing Methods Blast Freezers |
| 241 | Cold Storage Rooms Stationary Blast Cell Freezing Tunnels Push-Through Trolley Freezers Straight Belt Freezers Multipass Straight Belt Freezers |
| 242 | Fluidized Bed Freezers Fluidized Belt Freezers Spiral Belt Freezers |
| 243 | Impingement Freezers Carton Freezers Contact Freezers Manual and Automatic Plate Freezers |
| 244 | Specialized Contact Freezers Cryogenic Freezers Liquid Nitrogen Freezers Carbon Dioxide Freezers Cryomechanical Freezers Other Freezer Selection Criteria Reliability Hygiene |
| 245 | Quality Economics Refrigeration Systems |
| 246 | Operation Maintenance Bibliography |
| 247 | R06_Ch17_I-P Sanitation Role of HACCP |
| 248 | Carcass Chilling and Holding Spray Chilling Beef Chilling Time Refrigeration Systems for Coolers |
| 249 | Beef Cooler Layout and Capacity |
| 253 | Boxed Beef |
| 254 | Hog Chilling and Tempering |
| 256 | Pork Trimmings Fresh Pork Holding Calf and Lamb Chilling Chilling and Freezing Variety Meats |
| 257 | Packaging and Storage Packaged Fresh Cuts Refrigeration Load Computations |
| 258 | Processed Meats |
| 259 | Bacon Slicing and Packaging Room Sausage Dry Rooms |
| 260 | Lard Chilling |
| 261 | Blast and Storage Freezers Direct-Contact Meat Chilling |
| 262 | Frozen Meat Products Freezing Quality of Meat Effect of Freezing on Quality Storage and Handling Packaging |
| 263 | Shipping Docks Energy Conservation |
| 264 | References Bibliography |
| 265 | R06_Ch18_I-P Processing Chilling |
| 268 | Decontamination of Carcasses Further Processing |
| 269 | Unit Operations Freezing Effect on Product Quality |
| 270 | Freezing Methods |
| 271 | Predicting Freezing or Thawing Times Packaging |
| 272 | Airflow Systems in Poultry Processing Plants |
| 273 | Airflow System Consideration During Renovation Plant Sanitation HACCP Systems in Poultry Processing Tenderness Control |
| 274 | Distribution and Retail Holding Refrigeration Preserving Quality in Storage and Marketing |
| 275 | Thawing References |
| 276 | Bibliography |
| 277 | R06_Ch19_I-P Fresh Fishery Products Care Aboard Vessels Icing |
| 278 | Saltwater Icing Use of Preservatives Storage of Fish in Refrigerated Seawater Boxing at Sea Shore Plant Procedure and Marketing |
| 279 | Packaging Fresh Fish Fresh Fish Storage |
| 280 | Irradiation of Fresh Seafood Modified-Atmosphere (MA) Packaging Frozen Fishery Products Packaging Package Considerations in Freezing |
| 281 | Package Considerations for Frozen Storage Types of Packages Freezing Methods Blast Freezing |
| 282 | Plate Freezing Immersion Freezing |
| 283 | Freezing Fish at Sea Storage of Frozen Fish Composition Storage Conditions |
| 284 | Packaging and Glazing Space Requirements |
| 285 | Transportation and Marketing Bibliography |
| 287 | R06_CH20_I-P Milk Production and Processing Handling Milk at the Dairy Receiving and Storing Milk |
| 288 | Separation and Clarification Pasteurization and Homogenization |
| 290 | Packaging Milk Products Equipment Cleaning Milk Storage and Distribution |
| 291 | Half-and-Half and Cream Buttermilk, Sour Cream, and Yogurt Refrigeration |
| 292 | Butter Manufacture Separation and Pasteurization Churning |
| 294 | Continuous Churning Packaging Butter Deterioration of Butter in Storage |
| 295 | Total Refrigeration Load Whipped Butter |
| 296 | Cheese Manufacture Cheddar Cheese |
| 297 | Provolone and Mozzarella (Pasta Filata Types) Swiss Cheese Roquefort and Blue Cheese |
| 298 | Cottage Cheese Other Cheeses |
| 299 | Refrigerating Cheese Rooms Frozen Dairy Desserts Ice Cream |
| 300 | Ice Milk Soft Ice Milk or Ice Cream Frozen Yogurt Sherbets Ices |
| 301 | Making Ice Cream Mix Freezing |
| 304 | Ice Cream Bars and Other Novelties |
| 305 | Refrigeration Compressor Equipment Selection and Operation Ultrahigh-Temperature (UHT) Sterilization and Aseptic Packaging (AP) Sterilization Methods and Equipment |
| 306 | Aseptic Packaging |
| 307 | Quality Control Heat-Labile Nutrients |
| 308 | Evaporated, Sweetened Condensed, and Dry Milk Evaporated Milk Sweetened Condensed Milk Dry Milk and Nonfat Dry Milk |
| 309 | Drum Drying |
| 310 | References Bibliography |
| 311 | R06_Ch21_I-P Shell Eggs Egg Structure and Composition Physical Structure |
| 312 | Chemical Composition Nutritive Value Egg Quality and Safety Quality Grades and Weight Classes |
| 313 | Quality Factors |
| 314 | Control and Preservation of Quality Egg Spoilage and Safety In-Shell Egg Pasteurization |
| 315 | HACCP Plan for Shell Eggs Shell Egg Processing Off-Line and In-Line Processing Effect of Refrigeration on Egg Quality and Safety |
| 316 | Refrigeration Requirement Issues |
| 317 | Condensation on Eggs Initial Egg Temperatures Egg Temperatures After Processing |
| 318 | Cooling Rates Cooling for Storage Accelerated Cooling Methods Packaging Transportation |
| 319 | Egg Products Egg Breaking |
| 320 | Holding Temperatures Pasteurization |
| 321 | Yields Refrigerated Liquid Egg Products Chilled Egg Products Frozen Egg Products Dehydrated Egg Products |
| 322 | Egg Product Quality Sanitary Standards and Plant Sanitation |
| 323 | HACCP Program for Egg Products References Bibliography |
| 324 | R06_CH22_I-P Fruit Storage and Handling Considerations Quality and Maturity Handling and Harvesting Storage and Transportation Apples |
| 326 | Controlled-Atmosphere Storage Storage Diseases and Deterioration |
| 329 | Pears |
| 330 | Controlled-Atmosphere Storage Storage Diseases and Deterioration |
| 331 | Grapes Cooling and Storage Fumigation |
| 333 | Diseases |
| 334 | Storage Life Refrigeration System Materials and Practices Maintenance and Operation Plums Storage Diseases and Deterioration |
| 335 | Sweet Cherries Harvesting Techniques Cooling Storage Diseases Peaches and Nectarines Storage Varieties Harvest Techniques Cooling Storage |
| 336 | Diseases Apricots Diseases and Deterioration Berries Diseases Strawberries Diseases Figs Diseases Supplements to Refrigeration Antiseptic Washes |
| 337 | Protective Packaging Selective Marketing Heat Treatment Fungicides Irradiation References Bibliography |
| 338 | R06_CH23_I-P Citrus Fruit Maturity and Quality Harvesting and Packing Picking |
| 339 | Handling Accelerated Coloring or Sweating Color-Added Treatment Cooling |
| 340 | Transportation Storage Oranges Grapefruit Lemons |
| 341 | Specialty Citrus Fruit Controlled-Atmosphere Storage Storage Disorders and Control Postharvest Diseases Physiological Disturbances |
| 342 | Bananas Harvesting and Transportation Diseases and Deterioration Exposure to Excessive Temperatures Wholesale Processing Facilities |
| 343 | Airtightness Refrigeration Refrigeration Load Calculations Heating Air Circulation Airflow Requirements |
| 344 | Humidity Controls |
| 345 | Subtropical Fruit Avocados Storage Disorders Mangoes Storage Disorders Pineapples Storage Disorders References Bibliography |
| 346 | R06_Ch24_I-P Product Selection and Quality Maintenance Postharvest Handling |
| 347 | Cooling Protective Packaging and Waxing In-Transit Preservation Cooling Vehicle and Product Packaging, Loading, and Handling Providing Refrigeration and Air Circulation |
| 348 | Protection from Cold Checking and Cleaning Equipment Modified Atmospheres in Transit Preservation in Destination Facilities |
| 350 | Refrigerated Storage Considerations Sprout Inhibitors |
| 351 | Controlled- and Modified-Atmosphere Storage Injury Storage of Various Vegetables Artichokes, Globe (32ËšF and 95 to 100% rh) |
| 352 | Asparagus (32 to 36ËšF and 95 to 100% rh) Beans, Green or Snap (40 to 45ËšF and 95% rh) Beans, Lima (37 to 41ËšF and 95% rh) Beets (32ËšF and 98 to 100% rh) |
| 353 | Broccoli (32ËšF and 95 to 100% rh) Brussels Sprouts (32ËšF and 95 to 100% rh) Cabbage (32ËšF and 98 to 100% rh) Carrots (32ËšF and 98 to 100% rh) Cauliflower (32ËšF and 95% rh) |
| 354 | Celery (32ËšF and 98 to 100% rh) Corn, Sweet (32ËšF and 95 to 98% rh) Cucumbers (50 to 55ËšF and 95% rh) Eggplants (46 to 54ËšF and 90 to 95% rh) |
| 355 | Endive and Escarole (32ËšF and 95 to 100% rh) Garlic, Dry (32ËšF and 65 to 70% rh) Greens, Leafy (32ËšF and 95 to 100% rh) Lettuce (32ËšF and 95 to 100% rh) Melons |
| 356 | Mushrooms (32ËšF and 95% rh) Okra (45 to 50ËšF and 90 to 95% rh) Onions (32ËšF and 65 to 70% rh) |
| 357 | Parsley (32ËšF and 95 to 100% rh) Parsnips (32ËšF and 98 to 100% rh) Peas, Green (32ËšF and 95 to 98% rh) Peas, Southern (40 to 41ËšF and 95% rh) Peppers, Dry Chili or Hot Peppers, Sweet (45 to 55ËšF and 90 to 95% rh) Potatoes (Temperature, see following; 90 to 95% rh) |
| 358 | Pumpkins and Squash Radishes (32ËšF and 95 to 100% rh) |
| 359 | Rhubarb (32ËšF and 95% rh) Rutabagas (32ËšF and 98 to 100% rh) Spinach (32ËšF and 95 to 98% rh) Sweet Potatoes (55 to 60ËšF, 85 to 90% rh) Tomatoes (Mature Green, 55 to 70ËšF; Ripe, 50ËšF; 90 to 95% rh) |
| 360 | Turnips (32ËšF and 95% rh) References Bibliography |
| 361 | R06_CH25_I-P Orange Juice Orange Concentrate Selecting, Handling, and Processing Fresh Fruit |
| 363 | Cold Storage Concentration Methods Thermally Accelerated Short-Time Evaporator (TASTE) |
| 364 | Freeze Concentration Quality Control Chilled Juice |
| 365 | Refrigeration Refrigeration Equipment Refrigeration Loads Compressor Manifolding Pure Fruit Juice Powders |
| 366 | Other Citrus Juices Grapefruit Juice Blended Grapefruit and Orange Juice Tangerine Juice Noncitrus Juices Pineapple Juice Apple Juice Grape Juice Concord Grapes |
| 367 | Muscadines Strawberry and Other Berry Juices |
| 368 | R06_Ch26_I-P Breweries Malting Process Aspects |
| 370 | Processing Wort Cooling |
| 371 | Fermenting Cellar Fermenting Cellar Refrigeration |
| 372 | Stock Cellar Kraeusen Cellar Finishing Operations |
| 373 | Outdoor Storage Tanks Hop Storage Yeast Culture Room Pasteurization Carbon Dioxide Collection |
| 374 | Liquefaction CO2 Storage and Reevaporation Heat Balance Common Refrigeration Systems |
| 375 | Vinegar Production Wine Making Must Cooling |
| 376 | Heat Treatment of Red Musts Juice Cooling Heat Treatment of Juices Fermentation Temperature Control |
| 377 | Potassium Bitartrate Crystallization Storage Temperature Control Chill-Proofing Brandies Carbonated Beverages |
| 378 | Beverage and Water Coolers Refrigeration Plant Refrigeration Load Size of Plant |
| 379 | Liquid Carbon Dioxide Storage References Bibliography |
| 380 | R06_CH27_I-P Main Dishes, Meals General Plant Characteristics Preparation, Processing, Unit Operations |
| 381 | Assembly, Filling, and Packaging Cooling, Freezing, Casing |
| 382 | Finished Goods Storage and Shipping Refrigeration Loads Refrigeration Systems Plant Internal Environment Vegetables |
| 383 | International Production Vegetables in Other Prepared Foods Refrigeration Loads and Systems |
| 384 | Fruits Refrigeration Loads and Systems Potato Products French Fries |
| 385 | Formed Potato Products Hash Brown Potatoes Refrigeration Loads and Systems Other Prepared Foods |
| 386 | Long-Term Storage Bibliography |
| 387 | R06_Ch28_I-P Ingredient Storage |
| 388 | Mixing Mixers Dough Systems |
| 389 | Dough Cooling Fermentation Bread Makeup |
| 390 | Final Proof Baking Bread Cooling |
| 391 | Slicing and Wrapping Bread Freezing |
| 392 | Freezing Other Bakery Products Frozen Pre-Proofed Bakery Products |
| 393 | Retarding Doughs and Batters Choice of Refrigerants References Bibliography |
| 394 | R06_Ch29_I-P Candy Manufacture Milk and Dark Chocolate |
| 395 | Hand Dipping and Enrobing Bar Candy |
| 396 | Hard Candy Hot Rooms Cold Rooms |
| 397 | Cooling Tunnels Coating Kettles or Pans Packing Rooms Refrigeration Plant |
| 398 | Storage Candy Color |
| 399 | Flavor Texture Insects Storage Temperature |
| 400 | Humidity Requirements Nuts Temperature Relative Humidity Atmosphere Packaging Dried Fruits and Vegetables |
| 401 | Dried Fruit Storage Dried Vegetable Storage Controlled Atmosphere |
| 402 | R06_CH30_I-P Vehicles Vehicle Design Considerations |
| 404 | Equipment |
| 406 | Equipment Design and Selection Factors |
| 408 | Qualification Testing |
| 409 | System Application Factors |
| 410 | Operations |
| 412 | References Bibliography |
| 413 | R06_Ch31_I-P Refrigeration Load Refrigeration System Refrigerants Compressors Condensers and Coolers |
| 414 | Receivers and Refrigerant Distribution Controls Thermometers and Thermostats Cargo Holds Arrangement Space Cooling Insulation and Construction |
| 415 | Applying Insulation |
| 416 | Decks and Doors Ships’ Refrigerated Stores |
| 417 | Commodities Meats and Poultry Fish, Ice Cream, and Bread Fruits and Vegetables Dairy Products, Ice, and Drinking Water Storage Areas Storage Space Requirements Stores’ Arrangement and Location |
| 418 | Ship Refrigerated Room Design Refrigerated Room Construction Specific Vessels Cargo Vessels Specifications Calculations |
| 419 | Fishing Vessels Refrigeration System Design Hold Preparation Refrigeration with Ice |
| 420 | Refrigeration with Seawater Process Freezing and Cold Storage References Bibliography |
| 421 | R06_Ch32_I-P Perishable Air Cargo Fruits and Vegetables |
| 422 | Seafood Animals Perishable Commodity Requirements Design Considerations Shipping Containers |
| 423 | Transit Refrigeration |
| 424 | Ground Handling Galley Refrigeration |
| 425 | References Bibliography |
| 426 | R06_Ch33_I-P Design Considerations for Below- Ambient Refrigerant Piping Insulation Properties at Below-Ambient Temperatures |
| 427 | Insulation System Water Resistance Insulation Systems Pipe Preparation for Corrosion Control |
| 428 | Insulation Materials |
| 429 | Insulation Joint Sealant/Adhesive Vapor Retarders |
| 432 | Weather Barrier Jacketing Installation Guidelines |
| 434 | Maintenance of Insulation Systems References |
| 435 | Bibliography |
| 436 | R06_Ch34_I-P Ice Makers Flake Ice |
| 437 | Tubular Ice Plate Ice |
| 438 | Ice Builders Scale Formation Thermal Storage |
| 439 | Ice Storage Ice Rake and Live Bottom Bins |
| 440 | Delivery Systems Screw and Belt Conveyors Pneumatic Ice Conveying |
| 441 | Slurry Pumping Commercial Ice Ice-Source Heat Pumps |
| 442 | Bibliography |
| 443 | R06_CH35_I-P Applications Refrigeration Requirements |
| 444 | Heat Loads |
| 446 | Ice Rink Conditions |
| 447 | Equipment Selection Compressors Evaporators Condensers and Heat Recovery Ice Temperature Control |
| 448 | Rink Piping and Pipe Supports Headers and Expansion Tanks |
| 449 | Coolant Equipment Ice Removal Storage Accumulators Energy Consumption Dehumidifiers Rink Floor Design |
| 450 | Drainage Subfloor Heating for Freeze Protection Preparation of Rink Floor |
| 451 | Permanent General-Purpose Rink Floor All-Purpose Floors Header Trench Snow Melt Pit Building, Maintaining, and Planing Ice Surfaces |
| 452 | Pebbling Water Quality Imitation Ice-Skating Surfaces References |
| 453 | Bibliography |
| 454 | R06_CH36_I-P Concrete Dams Methods of Temperature Control Cement Selection and Pozzolanic Admixtures Cooling with Embedded Coils Cooling with Chilled Water and Ice |
| 455 | Cooling by Inundation Air-Blast Cooling |
| 456 | Other Cooling Methods System Selection Parameters Control of Subsurface Water Flow |
| 457 | Soil Stabilization Thermal Design Piling Design Slab-on-Grade Buildings, Outdoor Slabs, and Equipment Pads Design Considerations Passive Cooling Air Convection Systems Liquid Convection Systems |
| 458 | Two-Phase Systems (Heat Pipes) Active Systems |
| 459 | References Bibliography |
| 460 | R06_Ch37_I-P Flow Sheets and Specifications Refrigeration: Service or Utility |
| 461 | Load Characteristics Production Philosophy Flexibility Requirements Safety Requirements Corrosion Toxicity |
| 462 | Fire and Explosion Refrigeration System Malfunction Maintenance Equipment Characteristics Automation |
| 463 | Outdoor Construction Energy Recovery Performance Testing Insulation Requirements Design Standards and Codes Start-Up and Shutdown |
| 464 | Refrigerants Refrigeration Systems |
| 465 | Refrigeration Equipment Compressors Absorption Equipment Condensers |
| 466 | Evaporators |
| 467 | Instrumentation and Controls Cooling Towers and Spray Ponds Miscellaneous Equipment References |
| 468 | R06_CH38_I-P General Applications Low-Temperature Properties Fluid Properties |
| 470 | Thermal Properties |
| 472 | Electrical and Magnetic Properties |
| 473 | Mechanical Properties Refrigeration and Liquefaction Isenthalpic Expansion |
| 474 | Isentropic Expansion |
| 475 | Combined Isenthalpic and Isentropic Expansion Mixed-Refrigerant Cycle |
| 477 | Comparison of Refrigeration and Liquefaction Systems |
| 478 | Cryocoolers Recuperative Systems |
| 481 | Regenerative Systems |
| 483 | Separation and Purification of Gases |
| 484 | Air Separation |
| 485 | Helium Recovery Natural Gas Processing |
| 486 | Purification Procedures |
| 487 | Equipment Compression Systems Expansion Devices |
| 488 | Heat Exchangers |
| 490 | Low-Temperature Insulations |
| 491 | High-Vacuum Insulation Evacuated Multilayer Insulations |
| 492 | Evacuated Powder and Fibrous Insulations Homogeneous Material Insulations |
| 493 | Composite Material Insulations Systems Storage and Transfer Systems Storage Systems |
| 494 | Transfer Systems Instrumentation Pressure Measurements Thermometry Liquid-Level Measurements Density Measurements |
| 495 | Flow Measurements Hazards of Cryogenic Systems Physiological Hazards Construction and Operations Hazards |
| 496 | Flammability and Detonability Hazards |
| 497 | Hazard Evaluation Summary References |
| 498 | Bibliography |
| 499 | R06_Ch39_I-P Autocascade Systems Operational Characteristics |
| 500 | Design Considerations Custom-Designed and Field-Erected Systems Single-Refrigerant Systems Two-Stage Systems Refrigerant and Compressor Selection |
| 501 | Special Multistage Systems Cascade Systems |
| 502 | Refrigerants for Low-Temperature Circuit |
| 503 | Compressor Lubrication Compressors |
| 504 | Choice of Metal for Piping and Vessels Low-Temperature Materials Metals |
| 505 | Thermoplastic Polymers |
| 506 | Thermosetting Plastics Fiber Composites |
| 507 | Adhesives Insulation Heat Transfer |
| 509 | Secondary Coolants References Bibliography |
| 510 | R06_CH40_I-P Preservation Applications Principles of Biological Preservation |
| 512 | Preservation of Biological Materials by Freezing |
| 513 | Preservation of Biological Materials by Freeze Drying |
| 514 | Preservation of Biological Materials by Vitrification Preservation of Biological Materials by Undercooling |
| 515 | Research Applications Electron Microscopy Specimen Preparation Cryomicroscopy |
| 516 | Cryomicrotome Clinical Applications Hypothermia Cryosurgery |
| 517 | Refrigeration Hardware for Cryobiological Applications |
| 518 | References |
| 520 | Bibliography |
| 521 | R06_CH41_I-P Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Technology Components and Terminology |
| 522 | Single-Effect Lithium Bromide Chillers |
| 523 | Single-Effect Heat Transformers Double-Effect Chillers |
| 526 | Operation |
| 527 | Machine Setup and Maintenance Ammonia/Water Absorption Equipment Residential Chillers and Components |
| 528 | Domestic Absorption Refrigerators and Controls |
| 529 | Industrial Absorption Refrigeration Units Special Applications and Emerging Products Systems Combining Power Production with Waste-Heat-Activated Absorption Cooling |
| 530 | Triple-Effect Cycles GAX (Generator-Absorber Heat Exchange) Cycle Solid-Vapor Sorption Systems Liquid Desiccant/Absorption Systems Information Sources |
| 531 | References Bibliography |
| 532 | R06_CH42_I-P Types of Forced-Circulation Air Coolers |
| 533 | Components Draw-Through and Blow-Through Airflow Fan Assemblies |
| 534 | Casing Coil Construction Frost Control Operational Controls Air Movement and Distribution |
| 535 | Unit Ratings Refrigerant Velocity Frost Condition Defrosting |
| 536 | Basic Cooling Capacity |
| 537 | Installation and Operation More Information References |
| 538 | R06_CH43_I-P Refrigeration System Components |
| 539 | Selecting Design Balance Points |
| 540 | Energy and Mass Balances |
| 541 | System Performance |
| 542 | R06_CH44_I-P Control Switches Pressure Switches |
| 543 | Temperature Switches (Thermostats) Differential Switches |
| 544 | Float Switches |
| 545 | Control Sensors Pressure Transducers Thermistors Resistance Temperature Detectors Thermocouples Liquid Level Sensors |
| 546 | Control Valves Thermostatic Expansion Valves |
| 551 | Electric Expansion Valves Regulating and Throttling Valves |
| 552 | Evaporator-Pressure-Regulating Valves |
| 554 | Constant-Pressure Expansion Valves |
| 555 | Suction-Pressure-Regulating Valves Condenser-Pressure-Regulating Valves |
| 556 | Discharge Bypass Valves |
| 557 | High-Side Float Valves Low-Side Float Valves |
| 558 | Solenoid Valves |
| 560 | Condensing Water Regulators |
| 561 | Check Valves |
| 562 | Relief Devices |
| 564 | Discharge-Line Lubricant Separators Capillary Tubes |
| 567 | Adiabatic Capillary Tube Selection Procedure |
| 569 | Capillary-Tube/Suction-Line Heat Exchanger Selection Procedure |
| 571 | Short-Tube Restrictors |
| 573 | References |
| 574 | Bibliography |
| 575 | R06_CH45_I-P Dehydration (Moisture Removal) Sources of Moisture Dehydration by Heat, Vacuum, or Dry Air |
| 576 | Combination Methods |
| 577 | Moisture Measurement |
| 578 | Charging Testing for Leaks Leak Detection Methods |
| 579 | Special Considerations Performance Testing Compressor Testing |
| 580 | Testing Complete Systems Testing of Components |
| 581 | References |
| 582 | R06_CH46_I-P Display Refrigerators |
| 583 | Product Temperatures |
| 584 | Store Ambient Effect |
| 585 | Display Refrigerator Cooling Load and Heat Sources |
| 587 | Refrigerator Construction Cleaning and Sanitizing Equipment Refrigeration Systems for Display Refrigerators Merchandising Applications |
| 590 | Frozen Food and Ice Cream Display |
| 591 | Energy Efficiency Opportunities in Display Refrigerators |
| 592 | Refrigerated Storage Rooms Meat Processing Rooms |
| 593 | Wrapped Meat Storage Walk-In Coolers and Freezers Refrigeration Systems Design Considerations |
| 594 | Typical Systems |
| 595 | Low-Charge Systems |
| 597 | Condensing Methods Condenser Types |
| 599 | Energy Efficiency of Condensers Noise Heat Recovery Strategies Space Heating |
| 600 | Water Heating Liquid Subcooling Strategies Methods of Defrost Conventional Refrigeration Systems |
| 601 | Low-Charge Systems Defrost Control Strategies Supermarket Air-Conditioning Systems System Types Comfort Considerations |
| 602 | Interaction with Refrigeration Environmental Control Energy Efficiency References |
| 603 | R06_Ch47_I-P Refrigerated Cabinets Reach-In Cabinets Roll-In Cabinets |
| 604 | Product Temperatures Typical Construction Specialty Applications |
| 605 | Refrigeration Systems Food Freezers Blast Chillers and Blast Freezers Walk-In Coolers/Freezers |
| 606 | Operating Temperatures Typical Construction Door Construction Walk-In Floors Refrigeration Systems Compressors Evaporators |
| 607 | Refrigeration Sizing Maintenance and Operation Vending Machines Types of Refrigerated Vending Machines Refrigeration Systems Cooling Load Components |
| 608 | Sensitivity to Surroundings Maintenance and Operation Ice Machines Typical Operation and Construction Refrigeration Systems Maintenance and Operations |
| 609 | Preparation Tables Product Temperatures Typical Construction Energy Efficiency Opportunities |
| 610 | References |
| 611 | R06_Ch48_I-P Primary Functions Performance Characteristics |
| 612 | Energy Efficiency Standards and Test Procedures Safety Requirements |
| 613 | Durability and Service Cabinets Use of Space Special-Purpose Compartments Ice and Water Service Thermal Considerations |
| 614 | Structure and Materials |
| 615 | Moisture Sealing Door Latching and Entrapment Cabinet Testing Refrigerating Systems |
| 616 | Refrigerating Circuit Defrosting Evaporator |
| 617 | Condenser Fans Capillary Tube |
| 618 | Compressor |
| 619 | Temperature Control System System Design and Balance Processing and Assembly Procedures Evaluation Environmental Test Rooms |
| 620 | Standard Performance Test Procedures Special Performance Testing |
| 621 | Materials Testing Component Life Testing Field Testing References Bibliography |
| 622 | R06_Ch49_I-P Selected Codes and Standards Published by Various Societies and Associations |
| 648 | ORGANIZATIONS |
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