ACI SP 4 14:2014 Edition
$137.85
SP-4 (8TH): Formwork for Concrete
Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
ACI | 2014 |
The 8th Edition, authored by David W. Johnston, North Carolina State University, is a major revision of the document to bring it up-to-date with “Guide to Formwork for Concrete (ACI 347R-14).” Revisions include referencing current standards and practices, removing outdated or irrelevant material, adding content on new developments in formwork technology and practice, and updating the look and layout of the document. This edition considers the updated lateral pressure and other provisions now provided by ACI 347R-14. Expanded coverage is provided in SP-4 for wind loads on formwork specialized from ASCE/SEI 7-10 as modified by ASCE/SEI 37-14. The design of formwork has been divided into two chapters, one focusing on bending, shear, and deflection of wall, slab, and column formwork members, and a second focusing on shoring and bracing members. Bridge formwork considerations have been moved into a separate chapter. A new chapter summarizing the recommendations of ACI 347.3R-13, “Guide to Formed Concrete Surfaces,” has been added. Benefits of the 8th Edition include: – An ACI best-selling document – Allowable strength design and load and resistance factor design examples – Updated to current standards – Chapter problems for classroom study – 500 modern color photographs – 150 color illustrations – Includes ACI 347R-14 Keywords:architectural concrete; bridge construction; building construction, concrete construction; construction; construction loads; construction materials; falsework; forms; formwork; formed surfaces, mass concrete; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; quality control; reinforced concrete; reshoring; shoring; slipform construction; tunnels
PDF Catalog
PDF Pages | PDF Title |
---|---|
2 | Blank Page Blank Page |
21 | 1: INTRODUCTION 1: INTRODUCTION |
25 | 2: GENERAL OBJECTIVES IN FORMWORK BUILDING 2: GENERAL OBJECTIVES IN FORMWORK BUILDING 2.1 Standards, Specifications, and Guides Related to Formwork 2.1 Standards, Specifications, and Guides Related to Formwork 2.1.1 Regulations for Safety 2.1.1 Regulations for Safety |
26 | 2.1.2 Project Specifications for Quality 2.1.2 Project Specifications for Quality 2.1.3 Guides and Specifications for Formwork Design and Construction 2.1.3 Guides and Specifications for Formwork Design and Construction |
27 | 2.2 How Formwork Affects Concrete Quality 2.2 How Formwork Affects Concrete Quality 2.3 Planning for Safety 2.3 Planning for Safety 2.3.1 Supervision and Inspection 2.3.1 Supervision and Inspection 2.3.2 Platforms and Access for Workers 2.3.2 Platforms and Access for Workers |
28 | 2.3.3 Control of Concreting Practices 2.3.3 Control of Concreting Practices 2.3.4 Improving Soil Bearing and Bracing 2.3.4 Improving Soil Bearing and Bracing 2.3.5 Shoring and Reshoring 2.3.5 Shoring and Reshoring |
29 | 2.4 Causes of Failures 2.4 Causes of Failures 2.4.1 Improper Stripping and Shore Removal 2.4.1 Improper Stripping and Shore Removal |
30 | 2.4.2 Inadequate Bracing 2.4.2 Inadequate Bracing 2.4.3 Inadequate Concrete Strength Development 2.4.3 Inadequate Concrete Strength Development 2.4.4 Vibration and Impact 2.4.4 Vibration and Impact |
32 | 2.4.5 Unstable Soil under Mudsills, Shoring Not Plumb 2.4.5 Unstable Soil under Mudsills, Shoring Not Plumb 2.4.6 Inadequate Control of Concrete Placement 2.4.6 Inadequate Control of Concrete Placement 2.4.7 When Formwork Is Not at Fault 2.4.7 When Formwork Is Not at Fault |
34 | 2.4.8 Lack of Attention to Formwork Details 2.4.8 Lack of Attention to Formwork Details 2.5 Relationship of Architect, Engineer, and Contractor 2.5 Relationship of Architect, Engineer, and Contractor 2.5.1 Defining the Concrete Structure 2.5.1 Defining the Concrete Structure |
35 | 2.5.2 Maintaining and Coordinating Tolerances 2.5.2 Maintaining and Coordinating Tolerances 2.5.3 Preparing a Formwork Specification 2.5.3 Preparing a Formwork Specification |
36 | 2.5.4 Design, Inspection, and Approval of Formwork 2.5.4 Design, Inspection, and Approval of Formwork 2.5.5 Complex Structures 2.5.5 Complex Structures 2.5.6 Stay-in-Place Forms 2.5.6 Stay-in-Place Forms 2.5.7 Composite Construction 2.5.7 Composite Construction 2.5.8 Stripping and Decentering 2.5.8 Stripping and Decentering |
37 | 2.5.9 Materials and Accessories Related to Formed Surface of Exposed Concrete 2.5.9 Materials and Accessories Related to Formed Surface of Exposed Concrete 2.6 Achieving Economy of Formwork 2.6 Achieving Economy of Formwork |
38 | 2.6.1 Measurement and Payment for Formwork 2.6.1 Measurement and Payment for Formwork 2.6.2 How the Engineer/Architect Can Reduce Form Costs 2.6.2 How the Engineer/Architect Can Reduce Form Costs |
41 | 3: OVERALL PLANNING 3: OVERALL PLANNING 3.1 Development of a Basic System 3.1 Development of a Basic System |
42 | 3.1.1 Compare Alternate Methods 3.1.1 Compare Alternate Methods 3.1.2 Examine Form Plan in Relation to Total Job 3.1.2 Examine Form Plan in Relation to Total Job 3.2 Key Areas of Cost Reduction 3.2 Key Areas of Cost Reduction |
43 | 3.3 Planning for Maximum Reuse 3.3 Planning for Maximum Reuse |
44 | 3.3.1 Developing a Practical Reuse Plan 3.3.1 Developing a Practical Reuse Plan 3.3.2 Comparing Reuse Schemes 3.3.2 Comparing Reuse Schemes 3.4 Economical Form Construction 3.4 Economical Form Construction 3.4.1 Job-Built Forms 3.4.1 Job-Built Forms |
46 | 3.4.2 Purchased or Rented Forms 3.4.2 Purchased or Rented Forms 3.5 Setting, Stripping, and Cycling Costs 3.5 Setting, Stripping, and Cycling Costs |
47 | 3.6 Other Costs Affected by the Formwork Plan 3.6 Other Costs Affected by the Formwork Plan 3.6.1 Crew Efficiency 3.6.1 Crew Efficiency |
48 | 3.6.2 Cranes and Hoists 3.6.2 Cranes and Hoists 3.7 Formwork Planning Process 3.7 Formwork Planning Process |
53 | 3.8 BIM for Planning Formwork Operations 3.8 BIM for Planning Formwork Operations 3.8.1 How BIM is Used by a Formwork Contractor 3.8.1 How BIM is Used by a Formwork Contractor |
55 | 3.8.2 Advantages of BIM 3.8.2 Advantages of BIM |
57 | 4: MATERIALS, ACCESSORIES, AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS 4: MATERIALS, ACCESSORIES, AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS 4.1 Lumber 4.1 Lumber |
58 | 4.1.1 Kinds of Lumber 4.1.1 Kinds of Lumber |
59 | 4.1.2 Lumber Finish and Sizes 4.1.2 Lumber Finish and Sizes |
60 | 4.1.3 Stress Grading and Design Values 4.1.3 Stress Grading and Design Values |
62 | 4.1.4 Adjustment Factors for Sawn Lumber Design Values 4.1.4 Adjustment Factors for Sawn Lumber Design Values |
64 | 4.2 Engineered Wood Products 4.2 Engineered Wood Products |
65 | 4.2.1 Glued Laminated Timber 4.2.1 Glued Laminated Timber |
66 | 4.2.2 Structural Composite Lumber 4.2.2 Structural Composite Lumber |
67 | 4.2.3 I-Joists 4.2.3 I-Joists 4.2.4 Wood Trusses 4.2.4 Wood Trusses 4.3 Plywood 4.3 Plywood |
68 | 4.3.1 Construction and Sizes Available 4.3.1 Construction and Sizes Available 4.3.2 Types and Grades 4.3.2 Types and Grades |
70 | 4.3.3 Overlaid Plywood 4.3.3 Overlaid Plywood |
71 | 4.3.4 Textured Surfaces 4.3.4 Textured Surfaces 4.3.5 Strength Properties 4.3.5 Strength Properties 4.3.6 Bending Plywood to Curved Surfaces 4.3.6 Bending Plywood to Curved Surfaces |
72 | 4.4 Other Framing and Facing Materials 4.4 Other Framing and Facing Materials 4.4.1 Reconstituted Wood Materials 4.4.1 Reconstituted Wood Materials 4.4.2 Steel 4.4.2 Steel |
103 | 5: LOADS AND PRESSURES 5: LOADS AND PRESSURES 5.1 Notation for Loads and Pressures 5.1 Notation for Loads and Pressures |
104 | 5.2 Load Combinations 5.2 Load Combinations 5.2.1 ASD Combinations 5.2.1 ASD Combinations 5.2.2 LRFD Combinations 5.2.2 LRFD Combinations |
105 | 5.3 Vertical Loads 5.3 Vertical Loads 5.3.1 Dead Loads 5.3.1 Dead Loads |
106 | 5.3.2 Live Loads 5.3.2 Live Loads 5.4 Lateral Pressure of Fresh Concrete 5.4 Lateral Pressure of Fresh Concrete |
108 | 5.4.1 Factors Affecting Lateral Pressure 5.4.1 Factors Affecting Lateral Pressure |
109 | 5.4.2 History of Lateral Pressure Values for Form Design 5.4.2 History of Lateral Pressure Values for Form Design |
110 | 5.4.3 Lateral pressure of concrete equations 5.4.3 Lateral pressure of concrete equations |
111 | 5.4.4 Bottom-Up Pumping of Concrete 5.4.4 Bottom-Up Pumping of Concrete |
112 | 5.4.5 Column Forms 5.4.5 Column Forms 5.4.6 Wall Forms 5.4.6 Wall Forms |
113 | 5.4.7 Pressure on Sloping Surfaces 5.4.7 Pressure on Sloping Surfaces |
115 | 5.5 Horizontal Loads 5.5 Horizontal Loads 5.5.1 Minimum Horizontal Loads 5.5.1 Minimum Horizontal Loads |
116 | 5.5.2 Wind Loads 5.5.2 Wind Loads |
119 | 5.5.3 Shielding from Wind Pressure 5.5.3 Shielding from Wind Pressure |
120 | 5.5.4 Design Wind Load 5.5.4 Design Wind Load 5.5.5 Wind Load on Wall and Column Forms 5.5.5 Wind Load on Wall and Column Forms |
121 | 5.5.6 Wind Loads on Elevated Slab Formwork 5.5.6 Wind Loads on Elevated Slab Formwork |
122 | 5.5.7 Starting and Stopping Equipment Loads 5.5.7 Starting and Stopping Equipment Loads 5.5.8 Seismic Loads 5.5.8 Seismic Loads 5.6 Other Loads 5.6 Other Loads |
125 | 6: SHORING AND FLOOR LOADS IN MULTI-STORY STRUCTURES 6: SHORING AND FLOOR LOADS IN MULTI-STORY STRUCTURES 6.1 Shoring of Multi-story Concrete Structures during Construction 6.1 Shoring of Multi-story Concrete Structures during Construction |
127 | 6.2 Shoring and Reshoring Loads in Multi-story Structures 6.2 Shoring and Reshoring Loads in Multi-story Structures 6.2.1 Analyzing the Loads 6.2.1 Analyzing the Loads |
129 | 6.2.2 Comparison of Example Analysis Results 6.2.2 Comparison of Example Analysis Results |
140 | 6.3 Backshoring 6.3 Backshoring 6.4 Drophead Shores 6.4 Drophead Shores |
141 | 6.5 LRFD Analysis 6.5 LRFD Analysis |
145 | 6.6 Shoring System Design 6.6 Shoring System Design |
146 | 6.7 Determining Concrete Strength for Stripping and Loading for Cycle Times 6.7 Determining Concrete Strength for Stripping and Loading for Cycle Times 6.7.1 Analysis and Design Process for Slab Strength 6.7.1 Analysis and Design Process for Slab Strength |
150 | 6.7.2 Alternative Load Distributions 6.7.2 Alternative Load Distributions 6.7.3 More Concentrated Shore Loads 6.7.3 More Concentrated Shore Loads 6.7.4 Structures Designed for Composite Action 6.7.4 Structures Designed for Composite Action |
151 | 6.7.5 Post-Tensioned Structures 6.7.5 Post-Tensioned Structures 6.8 Effect of Early Loading on Slab Deflection 6.8 Effect of Early Loading on Slab Deflection 6.9 Monitoring Early Strength Gain of Concrete in the Field 6.9 Monitoring Early Strength Gain of Concrete in the Field 6.9.1 Field-Cured Cylinders 6.9.1 Field-Cured Cylinders 6.9.2 Alternate Tests 6.9.2 Alternate Tests |
155 | 7: DESIGN OF SLAB, WALL, BEAM, AND COLUMN FORMS 7: DESIGN OF SLAB, WALL, BEAM, AND COLUMN FORMS |
156 | 7.1 Notation 7.1 Notation |
157 | 7.2 Basic Simplifications 7.2 Basic Simplifications |
158 | 7.3 Beam Formulas 7.3 Beam Formulas |
161 | 7.4 Design Criteria for Wood Beams 7.4 Design Criteria for Wood Beams 7.4.1 Stresses and Deformations 7.4.1 Stresses and Deformations 7.4.2 Bending 7.4.2 Bending |
163 | 7.4.3 Deflection 7.4.3 Deflection |
164 | 7.4.4 Shear 7.4.4 Shear |
167 | 7.4.5 Bearing 7.4.5 Bearing 7.5 Form Design 7.5 Form Design |
169 | 7.6 Wall Form Design 7.6 Wall Form Design |
176 | 7.7 Slab Form Design 7.7 Slab Form Design |
181 | 7.8 Beam Form Design 7.8 Beam Form Design |
184 | 7.9 Column Form Design 7.9 Column Form Design |
185 | 7.9.1 Types of Column Forms 7.9.1 Types of Column Forms 7.9.2 General Design Procedure 7.9.2 General Design Procedure |
187 | 7.10 Form Accessories 7.10 Form Accessories |
190 | 7.10.1 Ties 7.10.1 Ties |
191 | 7.10.2 Bearing Plates or Washers 7.10.2 Bearing Plates or Washers 7.10.3 Hangers 7.10.3 Hangers |
193 | 8: DESIGN OF FORM SHORES AND BRACING 8: DESIGN OF FORM SHORES AND BRACING 8.1 Shoring and Bracing Members 8.1 Shoring and Bracing Members |
194 | 8.2 Solid Wood Compression Members 8.2 Solid Wood Compression Members |
197 | 8.3 Tubular Steel Shores 8.3 Tubular Steel Shores 8.3.1 Slenderness Ratio 8.3.1 Slenderness Ratio 8.3.2 Compression Strength 8.3.2 Compression Strength |
198 | 8.3.3 Steel Shoring Frames 8.3.3 Steel Shoring Frames |
199 | 8.4 Other Manufactured Shoring Devices 8.4 Other Manufactured Shoring Devices |
200 | 8.5 Support for Shoring 8.5 Support for Shoring 8.6 Bracing for Lateral Loads 8.6 Bracing for Lateral Loads 8.6.1 Wall Form Bracing Loads 8.6.1 Wall Form Bracing Loads |
201 | 8.6.2 Design of Braces 8.6.2 Design of Braces 8.6.3 Bracing of Slab Forms Supported by Individual Shores 8.6.3 Bracing of Slab Forms Supported by Individual Shores |
202 | 8.6.4 Design of Wood Bracing Connections 8.6.4 Design of Wood Bracing Connections 8.7 Camber and Adjustment for Settlement 8.7 Camber and Adjustment for Settlement 8.7.1 Anticipated Deflection or Settlement of Formwork 8.7.1 Anticipated Deflection or Settlement of Formwork |
205 | 8.7.2 Deflection of the Finished Structure 8.7.2 Deflection of the Finished Structure 8.7.3 Total Allowance for Camber and Adjustments 8.7.3 Total Allowance for Camber and Adjustments 8.8 Anchorage of braces 8.8 Anchorage of braces 8.8.1 Deadmen 8.8.1 Deadmen |
206 | 8.8.2 Concrete anchors 8.8.2 Concrete anchors 8.8.3 Ground anchors 8.8.3 Ground anchors 8.8.4 Anchors 8.8.4 Anchors |
207 | 9: DESIGN TABLES 9: DESIGN TABLES 9.1 Equations for Calculating Safe Span 9.1 Equations for Calculating Safe Span |
210 | 9.2 Sheathing Design: Tables 9.3 to 9.5 9.2 Sheathing Design: Tables 9.3 to 9.5 9.3 Joists, Studs, and Beams: Tables 9.6 to 9.8 9.3 Joists, Studs, and Beams: Tables 9.6 to 9.8 |
211 | 9.4 Double Members: Tables 9.9 to 9.11 9.4 Double Members: Tables 9.9 to 9.11 9.5 Wood Shores: Tables 9.12 and 9.13 9.5 Wood Shores: Tables 9.12 and 9.13 |
213 | 9.6 Form Design Using the Tables 9.6 Form Design Using the Tables |
239 | 10: FORMWORK DRAWINGS 10: FORMWORK DRAWINGS 10.1 Preparing Effective Drawings 10.1 Preparing Effective Drawings |
240 | 10.2 Line Drawings 10.2 Line Drawings |
241 | 10.3 General Layout and Detail Drawings 10.3 General Layout and Detail Drawings |
251 | 10.4 Checklist of Details 10.4 Checklist of Details |
254 | 10.5 Recheck for Agreement with Structural Drawings 10.5 Recheck for Agreement with Structural Drawings 10.6 Drawing Review 10.6 Drawing Review |
255 | 10.7 BIM 3-D Graphical Views of Formwork 10.7 BIM 3-D Graphical Views of Formwork |
257 | 11: BUILDING AND ERECTING THE FORMWORK 11: BUILDING AND ERECTING THE FORMWORK |
258 | 11.1 Form Fabrication 11.1 Form Fabrication 11.1.1 Location of Shop at Project Site 11.1.1 Location of Shop at Project Site |
259 | 11.1.2 Storage of Materials and Finished Parts 11.1.2 Storage of Materials and Finished Parts 11.1.3 Equipment and Layout 11.1.3 Equipment and Layout |
260 | 11.2 Formwork Erection Safety 11.2 Formwork Erection Safety |
261 | 11.3 Footings 11.3 Footings 11.3.1 Wall Footings 11.3.1 Wall Footings |
262 | 11.3.2 Column Footings 11.3.2 Column Footings |
263 | 11.4 Slab-on-Ground and Paving Work 11.4 Slab-on-Ground and Paving Work 11.4.1 Slabs-on-Ground 11.4.1 Slabs-on-Ground |
264 | 11.4.2 Highway and Airport Paving 11.4.2 Highway and Airport Paving |
265 | 11.4.3 Curb and Gutter Forms 11.4.3 Curb and Gutter Forms 11.5 Wall Forms 11.5 Wall Forms 11.5.1 Job-Built Forms 11.5.1 Job-Built Forms |
268 | 11.5.2 Prefabricated Panel Systems 11.5.2 Prefabricated Panel Systems 11.5.3 Ganged Panel Forms and Climbing Forms 11.5.3 Ganged Panel Forms and Climbing Forms |
270 | 11.5.4 Blind Side and Single-Side Wall Forming 11.5.4 Blind Side and Single-Side Wall Forming 11.5.5 Square Corners 11.5.5 Square Corners 11.5.6 Pilasters 11.5.6 Pilasters |
271 | 11.5.7 Curved Walls and Round Corners 11.5.7 Curved Walls and Round Corners |
273 | 11.5.8 Wall Openings 11.5.8 Wall Openings 11.5.9 Joints 11.5.9 Joints |
274 | 11.5.10 Forms for External Vibration 11.5.10 Forms for External Vibration |
275 | 11.5.11 ACI Tolerances for Walls 11.5.11 ACI Tolerances for Walls 11.6 Column Forms 11.6 Column Forms 11.6.1 Erection Practices 11.6.1 Erection Practices |
277 | 11.6.2 Square or Rectangular Columns 11.6.2 Square or Rectangular Columns 11.6.3 Round and Flared Columns 11.6.3 Round and Flared Columns |
278 | 11.6.4 Column Heads 11.6.4 Column Heads |
280 | 11.6.5 ACI Column Tolerances 11.6.5 ACI Column Tolerances 11.7 Beam or Girder Forms 11.7 Beam or Girder Forms 11.7.1 Beam Bottoms 11.7.1 Beam Bottoms |
281 | 11.7.2 Beam Sides 11.7.2 Beam Sides |
282 | 11.7.3 Panel Assembly and Erection 11.7.3 Panel Assembly and Erection |
283 | 11.7.4 Suspended Forms for Fireproofing and Composite Construction 11.7.4 Suspended Forms for Fireproofing and Composite Construction |
284 | 11.7.5 Beam and Girder Tolerances 11.7.5 Beam and Girder Tolerances 11.8 Slab Forms 11.8 Slab Forms 11.8.1 Beam and Slab Construction 11.8.1 Beam and Slab Construction |
285 | 11.8.2 Flat Plates and Flat Slabs 11.8.2 Flat Plates and Flat Slabs |
286 | 11.8.3 Concrete Joist Construction 11.8.3 Concrete Joist Construction |
288 | 11.8.4 Flying Form Systems 11.8.4 Flying Form Systems |
289 | 11.8.5 Adjustable Steel Beams 11.8.5 Adjustable Steel Beams |
290 | 11.8.6 Slabs Supported on Steel Beams or Precast Concrete Beams 11.8.6 Slabs Supported on Steel Beams or Precast Concrete Beams 11.8.7 Metal Decking 11.8.7 Metal Decking 11.8.8 ACI Tolerances for Slab Work 11.8.8 ACI Tolerances for Slab Work |
291 | 11.9 Shoring 11.9 Shoring 11.9.1 Shore Layout and Installation 11.9.1 Shore Layout and Installation |
293 | 11.9.2 Mudsills or Shoring Foundations 11.9.2 Mudsills or Shoring Foundations 11.9.3 Wood Shores 11.9.3 Wood Shores 11.9.4 Adjustable Shores 11.9.4 Adjustable Shores |
294 | 11.9.5 Drophead Shore Systems 11.9.5 Drophead Shore Systems 11.9.6 Shoring Towers 11.9.6 Shoring Towers |
295 | 11.9.7 Adjustment and Jacking 11.9.7 Adjustment and Jacking 11.9.8 Permanent Shores and Back Shores 11.9.8 Permanent Shores and Back Shores |
296 | 11.9.9 Composite Construction 11.9.9 Composite Construction |
297 | 12: USING THE FORMS 12: USING THE FORMS |
298 | 12.1 Placing Reinforcement and Inserts 12.1 Placing Reinforcement and Inserts |
299 | 12.1.1 Support for Reinforcing Bars 12.1.1 Support for Reinforcing Bars |
300 | 12.1.2 Positioning Bars; Placement Tolerances 12.1.2 Positioning Bars; Placement Tolerances |
301 | 12.2 Preparation for Concreting 12.2 Preparation for Concreting 12.2.1 Form Release Agents 12.2.1 Form Release Agents |
303 | 12.2.2 Sticking and Staining Problems 12.2.2 Sticking and Staining Problems |
304 | 12.2.3 Use of Water on the Forms 12.2.3 Use of Water on the Forms 12.3 Inspection and Form Watching 12.3 Inspection and Form Watching |
305 | 12.3.1 Before Concreting 12.3.1 Before Concreting |
307 | 12.3.2 During and After Concreting 12.3.2 During and After Concreting 12.4 Placing and Vibrating—Effect on Formwork 12.4 Placing and Vibrating—Effect on Formwork |
308 | 12.5 Removal of Forms and Shores 12.5 Removal of Forms and Shores 12.5.1 Stripping Time Based on Concrete Strength 12.5.1 Stripping Time Based on Concrete Strength |
310 | 12.5.2 Form Removal Related to Curing Needs 12.5.2 Form Removal Related to Curing Needs 12.5.3 Stripping Techniques 12.5.3 Stripping Techniques |
312 | 12.5.4 Multi-Story Buildings 12.5.4 Multi-Story Buildings 12.6 Reshoring 12.6 Reshoring |
314 | 12.7 Care and Storage of Forms and Accessories 12.7 Care and Storage of Forms and Accessories |
315 | 12.8 Cold Weather Protection 12.8 Cold Weather Protection |
316 | 12.8.1 Form Insulation and Heating 12.8.1 Form Insulation and Heating |
319 | 12.8.2 Avoiding Thermal Shock 12.8.2 Avoiding Thermal Shock |
321 | 13: FORMED CONCRETE SURFACE QUALITY 13: FORMED CONCRETE SURFACE QUALITY 13.1 Overview of ACI 301 Formed Surface Provisions 13.1 Overview of ACI 301 Formed Surface Provisions |
322 | 13.1.1 General Requirements 13.1.1 General Requirements |
323 | 13.1.2 As-Cast Surface Finishes 13.1.2 As-Cast Surface Finishes 13.1.3 Rubbed Surface Finishes 13.1.3 Rubbed Surface Finishes 13.2 Overview of ACI 347.3R Formed Concrete Surface Provisions 13.2 Overview of ACI 347.3R Formed Concrete Surface Provisions |
324 | 13.2.1 Determination of Surface Void Ratio 13.2.1 Determination of Surface Void Ratio |
325 | 13.2.2 Specifications 13.2.2 Specifications |
326 | 13.2.3 Design Considerations 13.2.3 Design Considerations |
328 | 13.2.4 Construction 13.2.4 Construction |
330 | 13.2.5 Evaluation of formed concrete surfaces and repair procedures 13.2.5 Evaluation of formed concrete surfaces and repair procedures |
335 | 14: FORMWORK FOR ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE 14: FORMWORK FOR ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE |
336 | 14.1 Specifications: Defining Quality 14.1 Specifications: Defining Quality |
337 | 14.2 Architectural Formwork Design 14.2 Architectural Formwork Design 14.2.1 Loads and Pressures 14.2.1 Loads and Pressures |
338 | 14.2.2 Design Standards 14.2.2 Design Standards |
339 | 14.2.3 Formwork Details 14.2.3 Formwork Details 14.3 Exposed Concrete Surfaces 14.3 Exposed Concrete Surfaces |
340 | 14.3.1 Smooth As-Cast Surfaces 14.3.1 Smooth As-Cast Surfaces |
342 | 14.3.2 Textured As-Cast Surfaces 14.3.2 Textured As-Cast Surfaces |
344 | 14.3.3 Precast Panels as Forms or Liners 14.3.3 Precast Panels as Forms or Liners |
346 | 14.4 Construction of Forms for Architectural Concrete 14.4 Construction of Forms for Architectural Concrete 14.4.1 Walls 14.4.1 Walls |
349 | 14.4.2 Columns and Pilasters 14.4.2 Columns and Pilasters |
350 | 14.4.3 Spandrels and Parapets 14.4.3 Spandrels and Parapets |
351 | 14.4.4 Soffits 14.4.4 Soffits 14.4.5 Cantilevers 14.4.5 Cantilevers |
352 | 14.4.6 Ornamental Detail 14.4.6 Ornamental Detail |
355 | 14.4.7 Erection Practices 14.4.7 Erection Practices |
357 | 14.4.8 Construction and Contraction Joints 14.4.8 Construction and Contraction Joints |
358 | 14.5 Stripping 14.5 Stripping |
359 | 14.6 Cleanup and Repair 14.6 Cleanup and Repair |
361 | 15: BRIDGE FORMWORK 15: BRIDGE FORMWORK |
362 | 15.1 Foundations 15.1 Foundations 15.1.1 Caissons 15.1.1 Caissons |
364 | 15.1.2 Piles 15.1.2 Piles 15.1.3 Rock or Soil Offering Direct Support 15.1.3 Rock or Soil Offering Direct Support |
365 | 15.2 Piers 15.2 Piers 15.2.1 Forms Moved for Reuse 15.2.1 Forms Moved for Reuse |
366 | 15.2.2 Round Piers 15.2.2 Round Piers 15.2.3 Stonework Facing 15.2.3 Stonework Facing 15.2.4 Massive Piers 15.2.4 Massive Piers 15.2.5 Vertical Alignment 15.2.5 Vertical Alignment |
367 | 15.2.6 Access for Workers 15.2.6 Access for Workers 15.2.7 External Ties 15.2.7 External Ties 15.2.8 Pier Caps and Tie Struts 15.2.8 Pier Caps and Tie Struts |
368 | 15.3 Superstructures 15.3 Superstructures 15.3.1 Monolithic—Simple Slab, Beam, and Girder 15.3.1 Monolithic—Simple Slab, Beam, and Girder |
369 | 15.3.2 Cast-in-Place Deck Supported on Steel or Precast Girders 15.3.2 Cast-in-Place Deck Supported on Steel or Precast Girders |
370 | 15.3.3 Expansion Joints 15.3.3 Expansion Joints 15.3.4 Overhang, Sidewalks, Parapets, and Median Barriers 15.3.4 Overhang, Sidewalks, Parapets, and Median Barriers 15.3.5 Support for Superstructure Forms 15.3.5 Support for Superstructure Forms |
371 | 15.3.6 Stripping Bridge Forms 15.3.6 Stripping Bridge Forms |
372 | 15.4 Arch Bridges 15.4 Arch Bridges 15.5 Segmental Box-Girder Bridge Construction 15.5 Segmental Box-Girder Bridge Construction |
373 | 15.5.1 Cast-in-Place Segmental Construction 15.5.1 Cast-in-Place Segmental Construction 15.5.2 Precast Segmental Construction 15.5.2 Precast Segmental Construction |
374 | 15.5.3 Principal Erection Methods 15.5.3 Principal Erection Methods |
377 | 15.5.4 Making Precast Bridge Segments 15.5.4 Making Precast Bridge Segments |
379 | 15.5.5 Voids, Inserts, Attachments 15.5.5 Voids, Inserts, Attachments 15.5.6 Joint Surfaces 15.5.6 Joint Surfaces 15.5.7 Vibration 15.5.7 Vibration 15.5.8 Heat Curing Considerations 15.5.8 Heat Curing Considerations |
380 | 15.5.9 Tolerance Requirements 15.5.9 Tolerance Requirements |
381 | 16: MASS CONCRETE FORMWORK 16: MASS CONCRETE FORMWORK |
382 | 16.1 Types of Cantilever Forms in Common Use 16.1 Types of Cantilever Forms in Common Use |
383 | 16.2 Design Considerations 16.2 Design Considerations |
384 | 16.2.1 Loads on the Formwork 16.2.1 Loads on the Formwork |
385 | 16.2.2 Anchorage Accessories 16.2.2 Anchorage Accessories |
386 | 16.2.3 Other Design Features 16.2.3 Other Design Features |
387 | 16.3 Handling, Erecting, Stripping 16.3 Handling, Erecting, Stripping 16.4 Non-Cantilevered Formwork 16.4 Non-Cantilevered Formwork |
388 | 16.5 Facings for Roller-Compacted Mass Concrete and Dam Repair 16.5 Facings for Roller-Compacted Mass Concrete and Dam Repair |
389 | 16.6 Foundations or Starting Lifts 16.6 Foundations or Starting Lifts |
390 | 16.7 Curing, Joint Cleanup, Insulation 16.7 Curing, Joint Cleanup, Insulation |
391 | 16.8 Planning and Supervision 16.8 Planning and Supervision 16.9 Tolerances 16.9 Tolerances |
393 | 17: TUNNEL AND SHAFT FORMWORK 17: TUNNEL AND SHAFT FORMWORK 17.1 Tunnel Forming Components 17.1 Tunnel Forming Components |
394 | 17.1.1 Curb Forms 17.1.1 Curb Forms 17.1.2 Invert Forms 17.1.2 Invert Forms |
395 | 17.1.3 Arch Forms 17.1.3 Arch Forms |
397 | 17.1.4 Form Traveler Operations 17.1.4 Form Traveler Operations 17.2 Concrete Placement Methods 17.2 Concrete Placement Methods |
398 | 17.2.1 Continuous Advancing Slope 17.2.1 Continuous Advancing Slope 17.2.2 Bulkhead Method 17.2.2 Bulkhead Method |
399 | 17.2.3 Cut-and-Cover Construction 17.2.3 Cut-and-Cover Construction 17.3 General Design Considerations 17.3 General Design Considerations 17.3.1 Influence of Placing Equipment 17.3.1 Influence of Placing Equipment |
400 | 17.3.2 Loads and Pressures 17.3.2 Loads and Pressures |
401 | 17.3.3 Vibration and Form Access 17.3.3 Vibration and Form Access 17.4 Form Construction 17.4 Form Construction |
402 | 17.5 Stripping Time 17.5 Stripping Time 17.6 Tolerances 17.6 Tolerances |
403 | 17.7 Shafts 17.7 Shafts |
405 | 18: SPECIAL TECHNIQUES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION 18: SPECIAL TECHNIQUES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION 18.1 Vertical Slipform Construction 18.1 Vertical Slipform Construction |
407 | 18.1.1 Design and Construction Considerations 18.1.1 Design and Construction Considerations |
410 | 18.1.2 Jacking System 18.1.2 Jacking System 18.1.3 Sliding Operations 18.1.3 Sliding Operations |
412 | 18.2 Horizontal Slip Forms 18.2 Horizontal Slip Forms |
413 | 18.2.1 Design and Construction Considerations 18.2.1 Design and Construction Considerations 18.2.2 Horizontal Applications 18.2.2 Horizontal Applications |
416 | 18.3 Tilt-Up 18.3 Tilt-Up |
417 | 18.3.1 Curing and Bond-Breaking Compounds 18.3.1 Curing and Bond-Breaking Compounds 18.3.2 Curved Tilt-Up Panels 18.3.2 Curved Tilt-Up Panels 18.4 Lift Method of Construction 18.4 Lift Method of Construction |
418 | 18.4.1 Forming and Casting 18.4.1 Forming and Casting 18.4.2 Slab Separation 18.4.2 Slab Separation 18.5 Shells, Domes, and Folded Plates 18.5 Shells, Domes, and Folded Plates |
419 | 18.5.1 Shell Form Design Considerations 18.5.1 Shell Form Design Considerations |
420 | 18.5.2 Building the Forms 18.5.2 Building the Forms 18.5.3 Placing Concrete 18.5.3 Placing Concrete 18.5.4 Form Removal 18.5.4 Form Removal |
421 | 18.5.5 Inflated Forming Methods 18.5.5 Inflated Forming Methods 18.6 Traveling Forms 18.6 Traveling Forms 18.6.1 Applications 18.6.1 Applications |
422 | 18.6.2 Design Considerations 18.6.2 Design Considerations |
423 | 18.7 Preplaced Aggregate Concrete 18.7 Preplaced Aggregate Concrete 18.7.1 Lateral Pressure 18.7.1 Lateral Pressure |
424 | 18.7.2 Form Construction and Materials 18.7.2 Form Construction and Materials |
425 | 18.8 Shotcrete 18.8 Shotcrete 18.9 Tremie Concrete 18.9 Tremie Concrete |
427 | 18.10 Precast Concrete 18.10 Precast Concrete 18.10.1 Advantages of Precasting 18.10.1 Advantages of Precasting |
428 | 18.10.2 Formwork Requirements 18.10.2 Formwork Requirements |
430 | 18.10.3 Stripping 18.10.3 Stripping 18.10.4 Erection and Joints 18.10.4 Erection and Joints 18.11 Prestressed Precast Concrete 18.11 Prestressed Precast Concrete |
431 | 18.11.1 Forms for Post-Tensioning 18.11.1 Forms for Post-Tensioning |
433 | 18.11.2 Forms for Pretensioning 18.11.2 Forms for Pretensioning |
435 | APPENDIX A—REFERENCED STANDARDS AND REPORTS APPENDIX A—REFERENCED STANDARDS AND REPORTS |
439 | APPENDIX B—NOTATION APPENDIX B—NOTATION |
441 | APPENDIX C—GLOSSARY APPENDIX C—GLOSSARY |
449 | APPENDIX D—CONVERSIONS APPENDIX D—CONVERSIONS |
451 | APPENDIX E—ACI 347R-14 GUIDE APPENDIX E—ACI 347R-14 GUIDE |
487 | APPENDIX F—ACI 318-11 CODE AND COMMENTARY APPENDIX F—ACI 318-11 CODE AND COMMENTARY |
493 | APPENDIX G—OSHA REGULATIONS APPENDIX G—OSHA REGULATIONS |
501 | APPENDIX H—PROBLEMS APPENDIX H—PROBLEMS |
509 | INDEX INDEX |
515 | Blank Page Blank Page |