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ACI SP 4 14:2014 Edition

$137.85

SP-4 (8TH): Formwork for Concrete

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ACI 2014
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The 8th Edition, authored by David W. Johnston, North Carolina State University, is a major revision of the document to bring it up-to-date with “Guide to Formwork for Concrete (ACI 347R-14).” Revisions include referencing current standards and practices, removing outdated or irrelevant material, adding content on new developments in formwork technology and practice, and updating the look and layout of the document. This edition considers the updated lateral pressure and other provisions now provided by ACI 347R-14. Expanded coverage is provided in SP-4 for wind loads on formwork specialized from ASCE/SEI 7-10 as modified by ASCE/SEI 37-14. The design of formwork has been divided into two chapters, one focusing on bending, shear, and deflection of wall, slab, and column formwork members, and a second focusing on shoring and bracing members. Bridge formwork considerations have been moved into a separate chapter. A new chapter summarizing the recommendations of ACI 347.3R-13, “Guide to Formed Concrete Surfaces,” has been added. Benefits of the 8th Edition include: – An ACI best-selling document – Allowable strength design and load and resistance factor design examples – Updated to current standards – Chapter problems for classroom study – 500 modern color photographs – 150 color illustrations – Includes ACI 347R-14 Keywords:architectural concrete; bridge construction; building construction, concrete construction; construction; construction loads; construction materials; falsework; forms; formwork; formed surfaces, mass concrete; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; quality control; reinforced concrete; reshoring; shoring; slipform construction; tunnels

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21 1: INTRODUCTION
1: INTRODUCTION
25 2: GENERAL OBJECTIVES IN FORMWORK BUILDING
2: GENERAL OBJECTIVES IN FORMWORK BUILDING
2.1 Standards, Specifications, and Guides Related to Formwork
2.1 Standards, Specifications, and Guides Related to Formwork
2.1.1 Regulations for Safety
2.1.1 Regulations for Safety
26 2.1.2 Project Specifications for Quality
2.1.2 Project Specifications for Quality
2.1.3 Guides and Specifications for Formwork Design and Construction
2.1.3 Guides and Specifications for Formwork Design and Construction
27 2.2 How Formwork Affects Concrete Quality
2.2 How Formwork Affects Concrete Quality
2.3 Planning for Safety
2.3 Planning for Safety
2.3.1 Supervision and Inspection
2.3.1 Supervision and Inspection
2.3.2 Platforms and Access for Workers
2.3.2 Platforms and Access for Workers
28 2.3.3 Control of Concreting Practices
2.3.3 Control of Concreting Practices
2.3.4 Improving Soil Bearing and Bracing
2.3.4 Improving Soil Bearing and Bracing
2.3.5 Shoring and Reshoring
2.3.5 Shoring and Reshoring
29 2.4 Causes of Failures
2.4 Causes of Failures
2.4.1 Improper Stripping and Shore Removal
2.4.1 Improper Stripping and Shore Removal
30 2.4.2 Inadequate Bracing
2.4.2 Inadequate Bracing
2.4.3 Inadequate Concrete Strength Development
2.4.3 Inadequate Concrete Strength Development
2.4.4 Vibration and Impact
2.4.4 Vibration and Impact
32 2.4.5 Unstable Soil under Mudsills, Shoring Not Plumb
2.4.5 Unstable Soil under Mudsills, Shoring Not Plumb
2.4.6 Inadequate Control of Concrete Placement
2.4.6 Inadequate Control of Concrete Placement
2.4.7 When Formwork Is Not at Fault
2.4.7 When Formwork Is Not at Fault
34 2.4.8 Lack of Attention to Formwork Details
2.4.8 Lack of Attention to Formwork Details
2.5 Relationship of Architect, Engineer, and Contractor
2.5 Relationship of Architect, Engineer, and Contractor
2.5.1 Defining the Concrete Structure
2.5.1 Defining the Concrete Structure
35 2.5.2 Maintaining and Coordinating Tolerances
2.5.2 Maintaining and Coordinating Tolerances
2.5.3 Preparing a Formwork Specification
2.5.3 Preparing a Formwork Specification
36 2.5.4 Design, Inspection, and Approval of Formwork
2.5.4 Design, Inspection, and Approval of Formwork
2.5.5 Complex Structures
2.5.5 Complex Structures
2.5.6 Stay-in-Place Forms
2.5.6 Stay-in-Place Forms
2.5.7 Composite Construction
2.5.7 Composite Construction
2.5.8 Stripping and Decentering
2.5.8 Stripping and Decentering
37 2.5.9 Materials and Accessories Related to Formed Surface of Exposed Concrete
2.5.9 Materials and Accessories Related to Formed Surface of Exposed Concrete
2.6 Achieving Economy of Formwork
2.6 Achieving Economy of Formwork
38 2.6.1 Measurement and Payment for Formwork
2.6.1 Measurement and Payment for Formwork
2.6.2 How the Engineer/Architect Can Reduce Form Costs
2.6.2 How the Engineer/Architect Can Reduce Form Costs
41 3: OVERALL PLANNING
3: OVERALL PLANNING
3.1 Development of a Basic System
3.1 Development of a Basic System
42 3.1.1 Compare Alternate Methods
3.1.1 Compare Alternate Methods
3.1.2 Examine Form Plan in Relation to Total Job
3.1.2 Examine Form Plan in Relation to Total Job
3.2 Key Areas of Cost Reduction
3.2 Key Areas of Cost Reduction
43 3.3 Planning for Maximum Reuse
3.3 Planning for Maximum Reuse
44 3.3.1 Developing a Practical Reuse Plan
3.3.1 Developing a Practical Reuse Plan
3.3.2 Comparing Reuse Schemes
3.3.2 Comparing Reuse Schemes
3.4 Economical Form Construction
3.4 Economical Form Construction
3.4.1 Job-Built Forms
3.4.1 Job-Built Forms
46 3.4.2 Purchased or Rented Forms
3.4.2 Purchased or Rented Forms
3.5 Setting, Stripping, and Cycling Costs
3.5 Setting, Stripping, and Cycling Costs
47 3.6 Other Costs Affected by the Formwork Plan
3.6 Other Costs Affected by the Formwork Plan
3.6.1 Crew Efficiency
3.6.1 Crew Efficiency
48 3.6.2 Cranes and Hoists
3.6.2 Cranes and Hoists
3.7 Formwork Planning Process
3.7 Formwork Planning Process
53 3.8 BIM for Planning Formwork Operations
3.8 BIM for Planning Formwork Operations
3.8.1 How BIM is Used by a Formwork Contractor
3.8.1 How BIM is Used by a Formwork Contractor
55 3.8.2 Advantages of BIM
3.8.2 Advantages of BIM
57 4: MATERIALS, ACCESSORIES, AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS
4: MATERIALS, ACCESSORIES, AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS
4.1 Lumber
4.1 Lumber
58 4.1.1 Kinds of Lumber
4.1.1 Kinds of Lumber
59 4.1.2 Lumber Finish and Sizes
4.1.2 Lumber Finish and Sizes
60 4.1.3 Stress Grading and Design Values
4.1.3 Stress Grading and Design Values
62 4.1.4 Adjustment Factors for Sawn Lumber Design Values
4.1.4 Adjustment Factors for Sawn Lumber Design Values
64 4.2 Engineered Wood Products
4.2 Engineered Wood Products
65 4.2.1 Glued Laminated Timber
4.2.1 Glued Laminated Timber
66 4.2.2 Structural Composite Lumber
4.2.2 Structural Composite Lumber
67 4.2.3 I-Joists
4.2.3 I-Joists
4.2.4 Wood Trusses
4.2.4 Wood Trusses
4.3 Plywood
4.3 Plywood
68 4.3.1 Construction and Sizes Available
4.3.1 Construction and Sizes Available
4.3.2 Types and Grades
4.3.2 Types and Grades
70 4.3.3 Overlaid Plywood
4.3.3 Overlaid Plywood
71 4.3.4 Textured Surfaces
4.3.4 Textured Surfaces
4.3.5 Strength Properties
4.3.5 Strength Properties
4.3.6 Bending Plywood to Curved Surfaces
4.3.6 Bending Plywood to Curved Surfaces
72 4.4 Other Framing and Facing Materials
4.4 Other Framing and Facing Materials
4.4.1 Reconstituted Wood Materials
4.4.1 Reconstituted Wood Materials
4.4.2 Steel
4.4.2 Steel
103 5: LOADS AND PRESSURES
5: LOADS AND PRESSURES
5.1 Notation for Loads and Pressures
5.1 Notation for Loads and Pressures
104 5.2 Load Combinations
5.2 Load Combinations
5.2.1 ASD Combinations
5.2.1 ASD Combinations
5.2.2 LRFD Combinations
5.2.2 LRFD Combinations
105 5.3 Vertical Loads
5.3 Vertical Loads
5.3.1 Dead Loads
5.3.1 Dead Loads
106 5.3.2 Live Loads
5.3.2 Live Loads
5.4 Lateral Pressure of Fresh Concrete
5.4 Lateral Pressure of Fresh Concrete
108 5.4.1 Factors Affecting Lateral Pressure
5.4.1 Factors Affecting Lateral Pressure
109 5.4.2 History of Lateral Pressure Values for Form Design
5.4.2 History of Lateral Pressure Values for Form Design
110 5.4.3 Lateral pressure of concrete equations
5.4.3 Lateral pressure of concrete equations
111 5.4.4 Bottom-Up Pumping of Concrete
5.4.4 Bottom-Up Pumping of Concrete
112 5.4.5 Column Forms
5.4.5 Column Forms
5.4.6 Wall Forms
5.4.6 Wall Forms
113 5.4.7 Pressure on Sloping Surfaces
5.4.7 Pressure on Sloping Surfaces
115 5.5 Horizontal Loads
5.5 Horizontal Loads
5.5.1 Minimum Horizontal Loads
5.5.1 Minimum Horizontal Loads
116 5.5.2 Wind Loads
5.5.2 Wind Loads
119 5.5.3 Shielding from Wind Pressure
5.5.3 Shielding from Wind Pressure
120 5.5.4 Design Wind Load
5.5.4 Design Wind Load
5.5.5 Wind Load on Wall and Column Forms
5.5.5 Wind Load on Wall and Column Forms
121 5.5.6 Wind Loads on Elevated Slab Formwork
5.5.6 Wind Loads on Elevated Slab Formwork
122 5.5.7 Starting and Stopping Equipment Loads
5.5.7 Starting and Stopping Equipment Loads
5.5.8 Seismic Loads
5.5.8 Seismic Loads
5.6 Other Loads
5.6 Other Loads
125 6: SHORING AND FLOOR LOADS IN MULTI-STORY STRUCTURES
6: SHORING AND FLOOR LOADS IN MULTI-STORY STRUCTURES
6.1 Shoring of Multi-story Concrete Structures during Construction
6.1 Shoring of Multi-story Concrete Structures during Construction
127 6.2 Shoring and Reshoring Loads in Multi-story Structures
6.2 Shoring and Reshoring Loads in Multi-story Structures
6.2.1 Analyzing the Loads
6.2.1 Analyzing the Loads
129 6.2.2 Comparison of Example Analysis Results
6.2.2 Comparison of Example Analysis Results
140 6.3 Backshoring
6.3 Backshoring
6.4 Drophead Shores
6.4 Drophead Shores
141 6.5 LRFD Analysis
6.5 LRFD Analysis
145 6.6 Shoring System Design
6.6 Shoring System Design
146 6.7 Determining Concrete Strength for Stripping and Loading for Cycle Times
6.7 Determining Concrete Strength for Stripping and Loading for Cycle Times
6.7.1 Analysis and Design Process for Slab Strength
6.7.1 Analysis and Design Process for Slab Strength
150 6.7.2 Alternative Load Distributions
6.7.2 Alternative Load Distributions
6.7.3 More Concentrated Shore Loads
6.7.3 More Concentrated Shore Loads
6.7.4 Structures Designed for Composite Action
6.7.4 Structures Designed for Composite Action
151 6.7.5 Post-Tensioned Structures
6.7.5 Post-Tensioned Structures
6.8 Effect of Early Loading on Slab Deflection
6.8 Effect of Early Loading on Slab Deflection
6.9 Monitoring Early Strength Gain of Concrete in the Field
6.9 Monitoring Early Strength Gain of Concrete in the Field
6.9.1 Field-Cured Cylinders
6.9.1 Field-Cured Cylinders
6.9.2 Alternate Tests
6.9.2 Alternate Tests
155 7: DESIGN OF SLAB, WALL, BEAM, AND COLUMN FORMS
7: DESIGN OF SLAB, WALL, BEAM, AND COLUMN FORMS
156 7.1 Notation
7.1 Notation
157 7.2 Basic Simplifications
7.2 Basic Simplifications
158 7.3 Beam Formulas
7.3 Beam Formulas
161 7.4 Design Criteria for Wood Beams
7.4 Design Criteria for Wood Beams
7.4.1 Stresses and Deformations
7.4.1 Stresses and Deformations
7.4.2 Bending
7.4.2 Bending
163 7.4.3 Deflection
7.4.3 Deflection
164 7.4.4 Shear
7.4.4 Shear
167 7.4.5 Bearing
7.4.5 Bearing
7.5 Form Design
7.5 Form Design
169 7.6 Wall Form Design
7.6 Wall Form Design
176 7.7 Slab Form Design
7.7 Slab Form Design
181 7.8 Beam Form Design
7.8 Beam Form Design
184 7.9 Column Form Design
7.9 Column Form Design
185 7.9.1 Types of Column Forms
7.9.1 Types of Column Forms
7.9.2 General Design Procedure
7.9.2 General Design Procedure
187 7.10 Form Accessories
7.10 Form Accessories
190 7.10.1 Ties
7.10.1 Ties
191 7.10.2 Bearing Plates or Washers
7.10.2 Bearing Plates or Washers
7.10.3 Hangers
7.10.3 Hangers
193 8: DESIGN OF FORM SHORES AND BRACING
8: DESIGN OF FORM SHORES AND BRACING
8.1 Shoring and Bracing Members
8.1 Shoring and Bracing Members
194 8.2 Solid Wood Compression Members
8.2 Solid Wood Compression Members
197 8.3 Tubular Steel Shores
8.3 Tubular Steel Shores
8.3.1 Slenderness Ratio
8.3.1 Slenderness Ratio
8.3.2 Compression Strength
8.3.2 Compression Strength
198 8.3.3 Steel Shoring Frames
8.3.3 Steel Shoring Frames
199 8.4 Other Manufactured Shoring Devices
8.4 Other Manufactured Shoring Devices
200 8.5 Support for Shoring
8.5 Support for Shoring
8.6 Bracing for Lateral Loads
8.6 Bracing for Lateral Loads
8.6.1 Wall Form Bracing Loads
8.6.1 Wall Form Bracing Loads
201 8.6.2 Design of Braces
8.6.2 Design of Braces
8.6.3 Bracing of Slab Forms Supported by Individual Shores
8.6.3 Bracing of Slab Forms Supported by Individual Shores
202 8.6.4 Design of Wood Bracing Connections
8.6.4 Design of Wood Bracing Connections
8.7 Camber and Adjustment for Settlement
8.7 Camber and Adjustment for Settlement
8.7.1 Anticipated Deflection or Settlement of Formwork
8.7.1 Anticipated Deflection or Settlement of Formwork
205 8.7.2 Deflection of the Finished Structure
8.7.2 Deflection of the Finished Structure
8.7.3 Total Allowance for Camber and Adjustments
8.7.3 Total Allowance for Camber and Adjustments
8.8 Anchorage of braces
8.8 Anchorage of braces
8.8.1 Deadmen
8.8.1 Deadmen
206 8.8.2 Concrete anchors
8.8.2 Concrete anchors
8.8.3 Ground anchors
8.8.3 Ground anchors
8.8.4 Anchors
8.8.4 Anchors
207 9: DESIGN TABLES
9: DESIGN TABLES
9.1 Equations for Calculating Safe Span
9.1 Equations for Calculating Safe Span
210 9.2 Sheathing Design: Tables 9.3 to 9.5
9.2 Sheathing Design: Tables 9.3 to 9.5
9.3 Joists, Studs, and Beams: Tables 9.6 to 9.8
9.3 Joists, Studs, and Beams: Tables 9.6 to 9.8
211 9.4 Double Members: Tables 9.9 to 9.11
9.4 Double Members: Tables 9.9 to 9.11
9.5 Wood Shores: Tables 9.12 and 9.13
9.5 Wood Shores: Tables 9.12 and 9.13
213 9.6 Form Design Using the Tables
9.6 Form Design Using the Tables
239 10: FORMWORK DRAWINGS
10: FORMWORK DRAWINGS
10.1 Preparing Effective Drawings
10.1 Preparing Effective Drawings
240 10.2 Line Drawings
10.2 Line Drawings
241 10.3 General Layout and Detail Drawings
10.3 General Layout and Detail Drawings
251 10.4 Checklist of Details
10.4 Checklist of Details
254 10.5 Recheck for Agreement with Structural Drawings
10.5 Recheck for Agreement with Structural Drawings
10.6 Drawing Review
10.6 Drawing Review
255 10.7 BIM 3-D Graphical Views of Formwork
10.7 BIM 3-D Graphical Views of Formwork
257 11: BUILDING AND ERECTING THE FORMWORK
11: BUILDING AND ERECTING THE FORMWORK
258 11.1 Form Fabrication
11.1 Form Fabrication
11.1.1 Location of Shop at Project Site
11.1.1 Location of Shop at Project Site
259 11.1.2 Storage of Materials and Finished Parts
11.1.2 Storage of Materials and Finished Parts
11.1.3 Equipment and Layout
11.1.3 Equipment and Layout
260 11.2 Formwork Erection Safety
11.2 Formwork Erection Safety
261 11.3 Footings
11.3 Footings
11.3.1 Wall Footings
11.3.1 Wall Footings
262 11.3.2 Column Footings
11.3.2 Column Footings
263 11.4 Slab-on-Ground and Paving Work
11.4 Slab-on-Ground and Paving Work
11.4.1 Slabs-on-Ground
11.4.1 Slabs-on-Ground
264 11.4.2 Highway and Airport Paving
11.4.2 Highway and Airport Paving
265 11.4.3 Curb and Gutter Forms
11.4.3 Curb and Gutter Forms
11.5 Wall Forms
11.5 Wall Forms
11.5.1 Job-Built Forms
11.5.1 Job-Built Forms
268 11.5.2 Prefabricated Panel Systems
11.5.2 Prefabricated Panel Systems
11.5.3 Ganged Panel Forms and Climbing Forms
11.5.3 Ganged Panel Forms and Climbing Forms
270 11.5.4 Blind Side and Single-Side Wall Forming
11.5.4 Blind Side and Single-Side Wall Forming
11.5.5 Square Corners
11.5.5 Square Corners
11.5.6 Pilasters
11.5.6 Pilasters
271 11.5.7 Curved Walls and Round Corners
11.5.7 Curved Walls and Round Corners
273 11.5.8 Wall Openings
11.5.8 Wall Openings
11.5.9 Joints
11.5.9 Joints
274 11.5.10 Forms for External Vibration
11.5.10 Forms for External Vibration
275 11.5.11 ACI Tolerances for Walls
11.5.11 ACI Tolerances for Walls
11.6 Column Forms
11.6 Column Forms
11.6.1 Erection Practices
11.6.1 Erection Practices
277 11.6.2 Square or Rectangular Columns
11.6.2 Square or Rectangular Columns
11.6.3 Round and Flared Columns
11.6.3 Round and Flared Columns
278 11.6.4 Column Heads
11.6.4 Column Heads
280 11.6.5 ACI Column Tolerances
11.6.5 ACI Column Tolerances
11.7 Beam or Girder Forms
11.7 Beam or Girder Forms
11.7.1 Beam Bottoms
11.7.1 Beam Bottoms
281 11.7.2 Beam Sides
11.7.2 Beam Sides
282 11.7.3 Panel Assembly and Erection
11.7.3 Panel Assembly and Erection
283 11.7.4 Suspended Forms for Fireproofing and Composite Construction
11.7.4 Suspended Forms for Fireproofing and Composite Construction
284 11.7.5 Beam and Girder Tolerances
11.7.5 Beam and Girder Tolerances
11.8 Slab Forms
11.8 Slab Forms
11.8.1 Beam and Slab Construction
11.8.1 Beam and Slab Construction
285 11.8.2 Flat Plates and Flat Slabs
11.8.2 Flat Plates and Flat Slabs
286 11.8.3 Concrete Joist Construction
11.8.3 Concrete Joist Construction
288 11.8.4 Flying Form Systems
11.8.4 Flying Form Systems
289 11.8.5 Adjustable Steel Beams
11.8.5 Adjustable Steel Beams
290 11.8.6 Slabs Supported on Steel Beams or Precast Concrete Beams
11.8.6 Slabs Supported on Steel Beams or Precast Concrete Beams
11.8.7 Metal Decking
11.8.7 Metal Decking
11.8.8 ACI Tolerances for Slab Work
11.8.8 ACI Tolerances for Slab Work
291 11.9 Shoring
11.9 Shoring
11.9.1 Shore Layout and Installation
11.9.1 Shore Layout and Installation
293 11.9.2 Mudsills or Shoring Foundations
11.9.2 Mudsills or Shoring Foundations
11.9.3 Wood Shores
11.9.3 Wood Shores
11.9.4 Adjustable Shores
11.9.4 Adjustable Shores
294 11.9.5 Drophead Shore Systems
11.9.5 Drophead Shore Systems
11.9.6 Shoring Towers
11.9.6 Shoring Towers
295 11.9.7 Adjustment and Jacking
11.9.7 Adjustment and Jacking
11.9.8 Permanent Shores and Back Shores
11.9.8 Permanent Shores and Back Shores
296 11.9.9 Composite Construction
11.9.9 Composite Construction
297 12: USING THE FORMS
12: USING THE FORMS
298 12.1 Placing Reinforcement and Inserts
12.1 Placing Reinforcement and Inserts
299 12.1.1 Support for Reinforcing Bars
12.1.1 Support for Reinforcing Bars
300 12.1.2 Positioning Bars; Placement Tolerances
12.1.2 Positioning Bars; Placement Tolerances
301 12.2 Preparation for Concreting
12.2 Preparation for Concreting
12.2.1 Form Release Agents
12.2.1 Form Release Agents
303 12.2.2 Sticking and Staining Problems
12.2.2 Sticking and Staining Problems
304 12.2.3 Use of Water on the Forms
12.2.3 Use of Water on the Forms
12.3 Inspection and Form Watching
12.3 Inspection and Form Watching
305 12.3.1 Before Concreting
12.3.1 Before Concreting
307 12.3.2 During and After Concreting
12.3.2 During and After Concreting
12.4 Placing and Vibrating—Effect on Formwork
12.4 Placing and Vibrating—Effect on Formwork
308 12.5 Removal of Forms and Shores
12.5 Removal of Forms and Shores
12.5.1 Stripping Time Based on Concrete Strength
12.5.1 Stripping Time Based on Concrete Strength
310 12.5.2 Form Removal Related to Curing Needs
12.5.2 Form Removal Related to Curing Needs
12.5.3 Stripping Techniques
12.5.3 Stripping Techniques
312 12.5.4 Multi-Story Buildings
12.5.4 Multi-Story Buildings
12.6 Reshoring
12.6 Reshoring
314 12.7 Care and Storage of Forms and Accessories
12.7 Care and Storage of Forms and Accessories
315 12.8 Cold Weather Protection
12.8 Cold Weather Protection
316 12.8.1 Form Insulation and Heating
12.8.1 Form Insulation and Heating
319 12.8.2 Avoiding Thermal Shock
12.8.2 Avoiding Thermal Shock
321 13: FORMED CONCRETE SURFACE QUALITY
13: FORMED CONCRETE SURFACE QUALITY
13.1 Overview of ACI 301 Formed Surface Provisions
13.1 Overview of ACI 301 Formed Surface Provisions
322 13.1.1 General Requirements
13.1.1 General Requirements
323 13.1.2 As-Cast Surface Finishes
13.1.2 As-Cast Surface Finishes
13.1.3 Rubbed Surface Finishes
13.1.3 Rubbed Surface Finishes
13.2 Overview of ACI 347.3R Formed Concrete Surface Provisions
13.2 Overview of ACI 347.3R Formed Concrete Surface Provisions
324 13.2.1 Determination of Surface Void Ratio
13.2.1 Determination of Surface Void Ratio
325 13.2.2 Specifications
13.2.2 Specifications
326 13.2.3 Design Considerations
13.2.3 Design Considerations
328 13.2.4 Construction
13.2.4 Construction
330 13.2.5 Evaluation of formed concrete surfaces and repair procedures
13.2.5 Evaluation of formed concrete surfaces and repair procedures
335 14: FORMWORK FOR ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE
14: FORMWORK FOR ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE
336 14.1 Specifications: Defining Quality
14.1 Specifications: Defining Quality
337 14.2 Architectural Formwork Design
14.2 Architectural Formwork Design
14.2.1 Loads and Pressures
14.2.1 Loads and Pressures
338 14.2.2 Design Standards
14.2.2 Design Standards
339 14.2.3 Formwork Details
14.2.3 Formwork Details
14.3 Exposed Concrete Surfaces
14.3 Exposed Concrete Surfaces
340 14.3.1 Smooth As-Cast Surfaces
14.3.1 Smooth As-Cast Surfaces
342 14.3.2 Textured As-Cast Surfaces
14.3.2 Textured As-Cast Surfaces
344 14.3.3 Precast Panels as Forms or Liners
14.3.3 Precast Panels as Forms or Liners
346 14.4 Construction of Forms for Architectural Concrete
14.4 Construction of Forms for Architectural Concrete
14.4.1 Walls
14.4.1 Walls
349 14.4.2 Columns and Pilasters
14.4.2 Columns and Pilasters
350 14.4.3 Spandrels and Parapets
14.4.3 Spandrels and Parapets
351 14.4.4 Soffits
14.4.4 Soffits
14.4.5 Cantilevers
14.4.5 Cantilevers
352 14.4.6 Ornamental Detail
14.4.6 Ornamental Detail
355 14.4.7 Erection Practices
14.4.7 Erection Practices
357 14.4.8 Construction and Contraction Joints
14.4.8 Construction and Contraction Joints
358 14.5 Stripping
14.5 Stripping
359 14.6 Cleanup and Repair
14.6 Cleanup and Repair
361 15: BRIDGE FORMWORK
15: BRIDGE FORMWORK
362 15.1 Foundations
15.1 Foundations
15.1.1 Caissons
15.1.1 Caissons
364 15.1.2 Piles
15.1.2 Piles
15.1.3 Rock or Soil Offering Direct Support
15.1.3 Rock or Soil Offering Direct Support
365 15.2 Piers
15.2 Piers
15.2.1 Forms Moved for Reuse
15.2.1 Forms Moved for Reuse
366 15.2.2 Round Piers
15.2.2 Round Piers
15.2.3 Stonework Facing
15.2.3 Stonework Facing
15.2.4 Massive Piers
15.2.4 Massive Piers
15.2.5 Vertical Alignment
15.2.5 Vertical Alignment
367 15.2.6 Access for Workers
15.2.6 Access for Workers
15.2.7 External Ties
15.2.7 External Ties
15.2.8 Pier Caps and Tie Struts
15.2.8 Pier Caps and Tie Struts
368 15.3 Superstructures
15.3 Superstructures
15.3.1 Monolithic—Simple Slab, Beam, and Girder
15.3.1 Monolithic—Simple Slab, Beam, and Girder
369 15.3.2 Cast-in-Place Deck Supported on Steel or Precast Girders
15.3.2 Cast-in-Place Deck Supported on Steel or Precast Girders
370 15.3.3 Expansion Joints
15.3.3 Expansion Joints
15.3.4 Overhang, Sidewalks, Parapets, and Median Barriers
15.3.4 Overhang, Sidewalks, Parapets, and Median Barriers
15.3.5 Support for Superstructure Forms
15.3.5 Support for Superstructure Forms
371 15.3.6 Stripping Bridge Forms
15.3.6 Stripping Bridge Forms
372 15.4 Arch Bridges
15.4 Arch Bridges
15.5 Segmental Box-Girder Bridge Construction
15.5 Segmental Box-Girder Bridge Construction
373 15.5.1 Cast-in-Place Segmental Construction
15.5.1 Cast-in-Place Segmental Construction
15.5.2 Precast Segmental Construction
15.5.2 Precast Segmental Construction
374 15.5.3 Principal Erection Methods
15.5.3 Principal Erection Methods
377 15.5.4 Making Precast Bridge Segments
15.5.4 Making Precast Bridge Segments
379 15.5.5 Voids, Inserts, Attachments
15.5.5 Voids, Inserts, Attachments
15.5.6 Joint Surfaces
15.5.6 Joint Surfaces
15.5.7 Vibration
15.5.7 Vibration
15.5.8 Heat Curing Considerations
15.5.8 Heat Curing Considerations
380 15.5.9 Tolerance Requirements
15.5.9 Tolerance Requirements
381 16: MASS CONCRETE FORMWORK
16: MASS CONCRETE FORMWORK
382 16.1 Types of Cantilever Forms in Common Use
16.1 Types of Cantilever Forms in Common Use
383 16.2 Design Considerations
16.2 Design Considerations
384 16.2.1 Loads on the Formwork
16.2.1 Loads on the Formwork
385 16.2.2 Anchorage Accessories
16.2.2 Anchorage Accessories
386 16.2.3 Other Design Features
16.2.3 Other Design Features
387 16.3 Handling, Erecting, Stripping
16.3 Handling, Erecting, Stripping
16.4 Non-Cantilevered Formwork
16.4 Non-Cantilevered Formwork
388 16.5 Facings for Roller-Compacted Mass Concrete and Dam Repair
16.5 Facings for Roller-Compacted Mass Concrete and Dam Repair
389 16.6 Foundations or Starting Lifts
16.6 Foundations or Starting Lifts
390 16.7 Curing, Joint Cleanup, Insulation
16.7 Curing, Joint Cleanup, Insulation
391 16.8 Planning and Supervision
16.8 Planning and Supervision
16.9 Tolerances
16.9 Tolerances
393 17: TUNNEL AND SHAFT FORMWORK
17: TUNNEL AND SHAFT FORMWORK
17.1 Tunnel Forming Components
17.1 Tunnel Forming Components
394 17.1.1 Curb Forms
17.1.1 Curb Forms
17.1.2 Invert Forms
17.1.2 Invert Forms
395 17.1.3 Arch Forms
17.1.3 Arch Forms
397 17.1.4 Form Traveler Operations
17.1.4 Form Traveler Operations
17.2 Concrete Placement Methods
17.2 Concrete Placement Methods
398 17.2.1 Continuous Advancing Slope
17.2.1 Continuous Advancing Slope
17.2.2 Bulkhead Method
17.2.2 Bulkhead Method
399 17.2.3 Cut-and-Cover Construction
17.2.3 Cut-and-Cover Construction
17.3 General Design Considerations
17.3 General Design Considerations
17.3.1 Influence of Placing Equipment
17.3.1 Influence of Placing Equipment
400 17.3.2 Loads and Pressures
17.3.2 Loads and Pressures
401 17.3.3 Vibration and Form Access
17.3.3 Vibration and Form Access
17.4 Form Construction
17.4 Form Construction
402 17.5 Stripping Time
17.5 Stripping Time
17.6 Tolerances
17.6 Tolerances
403 17.7 Shafts
17.7 Shafts
405 18: SPECIAL TECHNIQUES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
18: SPECIAL TECHNIQUES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
18.1 Vertical Slipform Construction
18.1 Vertical Slipform Construction
407 18.1.1 Design and Construction Considerations
18.1.1 Design and Construction Considerations
410 18.1.2 Jacking System
18.1.2 Jacking System
18.1.3 Sliding Operations
18.1.3 Sliding Operations
412 18.2 Horizontal Slip Forms
18.2 Horizontal Slip Forms
413 18.2.1 Design and Construction Considerations
18.2.1 Design and Construction Considerations
18.2.2 Horizontal Applications
18.2.2 Horizontal Applications
416 18.3 Tilt-Up
18.3 Tilt-Up
417 18.3.1 Curing and Bond-Breaking Compounds
18.3.1 Curing and Bond-Breaking Compounds
18.3.2 Curved Tilt-Up Panels
18.3.2 Curved Tilt-Up Panels
18.4 Lift Method of Construction
18.4 Lift Method of Construction
418 18.4.1 Forming and Casting
18.4.1 Forming and Casting
18.4.2 Slab Separation
18.4.2 Slab Separation
18.5 Shells, Domes, and Folded Plates
18.5 Shells, Domes, and Folded Plates
419 18.5.1 Shell Form Design Considerations
18.5.1 Shell Form Design Considerations
420 18.5.2 Building the Forms
18.5.2 Building the Forms
18.5.3 Placing Concrete
18.5.3 Placing Concrete
18.5.4 Form Removal
18.5.4 Form Removal
421 18.5.5 Inflated Forming Methods
18.5.5 Inflated Forming Methods
18.6 Traveling Forms
18.6 Traveling Forms
18.6.1 Applications
18.6.1 Applications
422 18.6.2 Design Considerations
18.6.2 Design Considerations
423 18.7 Preplaced Aggregate Concrete
18.7 Preplaced Aggregate Concrete
18.7.1 Lateral Pressure
18.7.1 Lateral Pressure
424 18.7.2 Form Construction and Materials
18.7.2 Form Construction and Materials
425 18.8 Shotcrete
18.8 Shotcrete
18.9 Tremie Concrete
18.9 Tremie Concrete
427 18.10 Precast Concrete
18.10 Precast Concrete
18.10.1 Advantages of Precasting
18.10.1 Advantages of Precasting
428 18.10.2 Formwork Requirements
18.10.2 Formwork Requirements
430 18.10.3 Stripping
18.10.3 Stripping
18.10.4 Erection and Joints
18.10.4 Erection and Joints
18.11 Prestressed Precast Concrete
18.11 Prestressed Precast Concrete
431 18.11.1 Forms for Post-Tensioning
18.11.1 Forms for Post-Tensioning
433 18.11.2 Forms for Pretensioning
18.11.2 Forms for Pretensioning
435 APPENDIX A—REFERENCED STANDARDS AND REPORTS
APPENDIX A—REFERENCED STANDARDS AND REPORTS
439 APPENDIX B—NOTATION
APPENDIX B—NOTATION
441 APPENDIX C—GLOSSARY
APPENDIX C—GLOSSARY
449 APPENDIX D—CONVERSIONS
APPENDIX D—CONVERSIONS
451 APPENDIX E—ACI 347R-14 GUIDE
APPENDIX E—ACI 347R-14 GUIDE
487 APPENDIX F—ACI 318-11 CODE AND COMMENTARY
APPENDIX F—ACI 318-11 CODE AND COMMENTARY
493 APPENDIX G—OSHA REGULATIONS
APPENDIX G—OSHA REGULATIONS
501 APPENDIX H—PROBLEMS
APPENDIX H—PROBLEMS
509 INDEX
INDEX
515 Blank Page
Blank Page
ACI SP 4 14
$137.85